Gasoline Spray Spray G ECN 3 Workshop Spray

Gasoline Spray (Spray G) ECN 3 Workshop Spray G Orangizer: Scott Parrish (GM)

ECN Spray G - Program 13: 00 Introduction 13: 15 Experimental Activities 3. 1 Injector geometry assessment q 13: 20 3. 2 Rate-of-injection q 13: 30 Scott Parrish* (GM) Ron Grover* (GM) 3. 6 Spray modeling q 15: 00 15: 30 Luigi Modeling Activities 3. 5 Internal flow modeling using ideal geometry q 14: 30 Julien Manin* (SNL), Gilles Bruneaux (IFPEN), Scott Parrish (GM), Allocca (IM), Josh Lacey (Melbourne) 3. 4 Drop size measurement (Phase Doppler Interferometry) q 14: 15 Raúl Payri* (CMT), Scott Parrish (GM), 3. 3 Spray Visualization (liquid/vapor penetration & angle) q 14: 00 Yongjin Jung* (KAIST), Peter Hutchins (Infineum/ESRF) Noah Van Dam* (UW), Lucchini (Politecnico di Milano), Som (ANL) Discussion Period Break *Discussion Leader 2

ECN Spray G - Injector Specification v Considerations for injector specification Ø Ø Ø Hopefully the output of the group will be transferable and relevant to future advanced engine implementations It is important to keep in mind the spray requirements of advanced applications such as stratified spray-guided, HCCI and boosted dilute systems The interaction between adjacent spray plumes is of great importance to both current production and advanced gasoline applications Spray plume interaction is influenced by a number of things including: • spray pattern • L/D ratio • hole manufacturing method • proximity of the holes on the nozzle Successful mixture preparation relies on a proper combination of all these parameters 3

ECN Spray G - Injector Parameter • Number of holes • Spray shape • Spray angle • Bend angle • L/D ratio • Hole shape • Manufacturing • Flow rate Consensus 8 circular 80 0 1. 4 straight EDM 15 cc/s @ 10 MPa 4

ECN Spray G – Preliminary Data (Delphi) Thanks to Delphi! Dan Varble, Lee Markle “Burn In” (20 million cycles) v Leak rate v Spray patternation (high resolution mechanical) v Spray imaging (spray angle, penetration) v Drop sizing (laser diffraction) v High-speed near tip imaging (end of injection quality) v Flow curves (5, 10, 15, 20 Mpa) v Maximum opening pressure v Note: Preliminary spray data from Delphi was acquired according to the SAE J 2715 standard NOT at Spray G conditions 5

ECN Spray G – Mechanical Patternation (Delphi) Plume Centroid Locations Patternation Example 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Injector 6

ECN Spray G - Axial Penetration, Spray Angle (Delphi) 85 Penetration (1. 5 ms) Spray Angle 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Injector 7

ECN Spray G - Injector Orientations Primary 5 6 Secondary 7 1 2 4 7 3 8 5 6 4 3 8 6, 7, 8 Camera 1, 5 2, 3, 4 1 2 7, 8 1, 6 2, 5 3, 4 Camera rotate CW looking behind injector through fuel tube 8

ECN Spray G - Spray Imaging (Delphi) Injector 16 Injector 17 Injector 18 Injector 22 Injector 24 Injector 28 9

ECN Spray G - Spray Imaging (Delphi) Injector 16 Injector 17 Injector 18 Injector 22 Injector 24 Injector 28 10

ECN Spray G - Mechanical Patternation (Delphi) Injector 16 Injector 17 Injector 18 Injector 22 Injector 24 Injector 28 11

ECN Spray G - Conditions v Considerations for choosing operating conditions Ø Ø Operating conditions of gasoline engines vary widely Most all current production engines operate with early injection where sprays can be subjected to low pressures resulting in flash boiling Most advanced engine concepts rely on late injection where sprays are subjected to elevated ambient pressures and temperatures What institutions are capable of conducting spray measurements with ambient pressure below atmospheric? 12

ECN Spray G - Conditions Parameter • Fuel pressure • Fuel temperature • Injector temperature • Ambient density Value Iso-octane 20 MPa 90ᵒ C 300ᵒ C 3. 5 kg/m 3 • Injected quantity • Number of injections 10 mg 1 – 5. 97 Bar (Nitrogen) – 5. 77 Bar (Air) 13

ECN Spray G - Average Flow (GM) 10 mg Injection Duration 700 20 Hz 1 Hz 600 500 AV 016 AV 017 AV 018 AV 022 AV 024 AV 028 680 µs Injected Mass, 1 Hz 10. 5 10. 25 10 9. 75 9. 5 AV 016 AV 017 AV 018 AV 022 AV 024 AV 028 14

ECN Spray G - Program 13: 00 Introduction 13: 15 Experimental Activities 3. 1 Injector geometry assessment q 13: 20 3. 2 Rate-of-injection q 13: 30 Scott Parrish* (GM) Ron Grover* (GM) 3. 6 Spray modeling q 15: 00 15: 30 Luigi Modeling Activities 3. 5 Internal flow modeling using ideal geometry q 14: 30 Julien Manin* (SNL), Gilles Bruneaux (IFPEN), Scott Parrish (GM), Allocca (IM), Josh Lacey (Melbourne) 3. 4 Drop size measurement (Phase Doppler Interferometry) q 14: 15 Raúl Payri* (CMT), Scott Parrish (GM), 3. 3 Spray Visualization (liquid/vapor penetration & angle) q 14: 00 Yongjin Jung* (KAIST), Peter Hutchins (Infineum/ESRF) Noah Van Dam* (UW), Lucchini (Politecnico di Milano), Som (ANL) Discussion Period Break *Discussion Leader 15

ECN Spray G - Flash Boiling Conditions Ambient Pressure (k. Pa) 40 60 80 101 120 40 50 60 70 80 Injector Included Spray Angle (º) 90 16

ECN Spray G - Flash Boiling Conditions Ambient Pressure (k. Pa) 40 60 80 101 120 40 50 60 70 80 Injector Included Spray Angle (º) 90 17