Gas ExchangeRespiration Gas Exchange Exchange CO 2 for
- Slides: 41
Gas Exchange/Respiration
Gas Exchange =Exchange CO 2 for O 2 =Need Respiratory Surface – Needs to be thin for diffusion – Needs to be moist for diffusion – Needs to be in contact with gases
Gas Exchange/Protists CO 2 Respiratory surface is the cell membrane What drives the diffusion?
Gas Exchange/Hydra • Diffusion through cell membranes (respiratory surface) O 2 CO 2
Gas Exchange/Worm • Worms live in moist soil • Oxygen from air goes into soil • Thin, mucus-coated, skin is their respiratory surface (Gas exchange across skin) • If skin dries, they suffocate (Worms can also drown in water. Low O 2 levels in water compared to air!) Oxygen in Air CO 2
But how do the gases get transported to the center of the worm?
Need a transport system • Need vessels • Need blood with an oxygen-carrying molecule, a respiratory pigment (ex. Hemoglobin) • 100 ml of water can carry 0. 2 ml of O 2 • 100 ml of blood can carry 20. 0 ml of O 2
Gas Exchange/Grasshopper Spiracles= 5 pairs of openings Allow O 2 in and CO 2 out
Tracheal Tubes Spiracle opening
Gas Exchange/Grasshopper • Tracheal tubes branch through body • They end with a moist, thin membrane that butts up against body cells (respiratory surface) • Body movements allow for air to come in and out of tracheal system • No Hemoglobin in blood and blood not used for gas transport
Gas Exchange/Aquatic • Gills – layers of tissue rich in blood – Large surface area – O 2 gas is dissolved in H 2 O – H 20 with O 2 gas washes over gills – Exchange gases – Need constant flow of water over gills or they suffocate – Gills covered by operculum flap
Gas Exchange/Humans • Respiratory Surface= Lungs
Lungs • Bronchi part of respiratory system but not part of lung
Air • Inhaled (Breath In): – 79% Nitrogen Gas – 20. 9% Oxygen – 0. 04% CO 2 – water • Exhaled (Breath out): – 79% Nitrogen Gas – 16. 3% Oxygen (CPR) – 4. 5% CO 2 – water
Route of Air 1. Nose (Nasal passages) • • Hair for filtration Mucus to moisten air Blood vessels to warm air Don’t get this with mouth breathing 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx (Voice Box with vocal cords made of cartilage) Tyler Vid
Route of Air 4. Trachea (Windpipe) – Get open by rings of cartilage – Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane – Coughing reflex Tobacco smoke paralyzes cilia (1 cigarette=20 min of paralysis) Also increase mucus production
Route of air 5. Bronchi – Ringed – 2 – ciliated
Route of air 6. Bronchial Tubes 7. Bronchioles – No rings – Tiny tubes – Open into the… 8. Alveoli
Lung Volume • Tidal Volume=500 ml of air in and out during rest (3500 mlexercise ) 12 breaths/min(6 L/min)Rest 40 breaths/min(42 L/min)Exercise • Functional Residual Capacity=always left with 2300 ml air after breathing out
Alveoli Like cluster of grapes 300 million alveoli 70 sq meter surface area Walls of air sacs are one cell thick Site of gas exchange
Problems • Emphysema – Destruction of alveoli walls – Scar tissue from macrophage attack – Reduced breathing ability • Asthma – Allergic reaction in bronchioles with their subsequent closing – Treat with Epinephrine mist • Lung Cancer • Pneumonia – Fluid in alveoli • Tuberculosis – Immune attack leaves scars that thicken alveoli and affect diffusion • Bronchitis – Inflammation of bronchial tubes
Process of Inhalation (Active) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rib muscles pull ribs up and out Diaphragm muscle pulled down Now low air pressure in chest Air sucked into chest Alveoli expand
Process of Exhalation (Passive) • • • Diaphragm relaxes and goes back up Rib muscles relax Ribs go down and in Increase pressure in chest Air squeezed out of lungs
Lung Model
Air pressure and altitude • High altitudes have lower air pressure than at sea level • High altitudes have lower concentration of O 2 compared to sea level
Planes are pressurized and pump oxygen into the plane
Air pressure and altitude • What happens to our blood when we go suddenly from high pressure to low pressure environments?
Nitrogen gas in blood bubbles out The “Bends”
The Bends
Andes Mountains in Peru Have a high red blood cell count More red bone marrow More developed lungs
Breathing Regulation • Involuntary • Have Chemoreceptors in walls of arteries that detect CO 2 levels • High CO 2 levels in blood detected and send message to respiratory center of brain (Medulla) • Medulla send message to diaphragm and rib muscles to increase rate and depth of breath • Low p. H of blood also stimulates medulla
External vs. Internal Respiration • External – Gas exchange in alveoli with capillaries • Internal – Gas exchange in capillaries with body cells
Oxygen transport • In lungs oxygen combines with Hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen Transport • Oxygen released in locations of low O 2 concentration • Carbon monoxide has greater binding ability to hemoglobin than oxygen
Carbon Dioxide Transport • 70% as Bicarbonate in plasma CO 2 + H 20 H 2 CO 3 H++ HCO 3 -
Carbon Dioxide Transport • 20% as carbaminohemoglobin CO 2 + Hb (Hb. CO is carboxyhemoglobin) Hb. CO 2
Carbon Dioxide Transport • 10% as free CO 2 in plasma
Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Video 1 • video 2
- Gas exchange key events in gas exchange
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