Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French April 30
Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30, 1849)
Romantic Republicanism • Secret societies for unification – Example: Carbonari, Nationalist Society – Leaders: Mazzini & Garibaldi – Ineffective • Guerilla Warfare • 1849 Roman Republic Failed – Diminished Papal support of Unification • 1860 Constitutional Monarchy – Cavour Policy • Armed Force & secret diplomacy
Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820 -1821 “Coalmen. ”
Italian Nationalist Leaders King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?
Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]
Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?
Why get involved in the Crimean War? • Bring Italy (Piedmont-Sardinia into European politics) • Brought Italian Question to the Paris conference – End Crimean War – Cavour gained respect and sympathy only • HUGE!
Cavour Policy • Where is he from? – Kingdom of Sardinia • most independent • What was needed? – Unified state • Why? economic success – Support of Nationalist Society – Need aid form France (Napoleon III) • Cavour supported France in the Crimean War
French Sympathies • Why? – Continue Napoleon’s goal of unifying Italy – Support against Austria – Cavour represented moderate liberalism • Vs. radical and reactionary • Result – Provoke war between Italy & Austria • France wanted to defeat Austria – Territory: Nice & Savoy
Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?
Secret Deals? • France would support Italian-Austrian War – France would receive French speaking Nice and Savoy • Cavour mobilized for war – Why? Unite Italians out of fear
Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War, 1859 At the same time…. • Piedmont (+France) vs. Austria • Revolts around Italy France feared growing power of Piedmont…secret treaty with Austria
Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour 1. Italian Absolutism: Naples and Sicily • Sent troops NORTH 2. Cavour sent troops SOUTH ***Garibaldi cared more about Nationalism than Republicanism***
Step #6: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia is annexed to Italy. (What does annex mean? )
Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Italy is united!
A Unified Peninsula! Victor Emmanuel A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last, " shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot. Garibaldi
Victor Emmanuel Monument ***The “Wedding Cake” of Rome**
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?
The New Italian State • 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II is King of ITALY – Cavour DIES • Upset individuals – Clerics: resented papal conquest – Republicans: resented treatment of Garibaldi – South: “conquered” by Piedmont • Two regions are vastly different – Politics could not overcome • Italian politics = corruption • Unredeemed Italy “Italia irredenta” – Hostility towards Austria • World War I involvement on winning side
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