Gallipoli April 25 1915 January 9 1916 Strategic

Gallipoli April 25, 1915 -January 9, 1916 Strategic Context In October 1914, Turkey enters World War I on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary against the Allied coalition of Britain, France, Russia and Serbia. The immediate result is the closing of the Dardanelles Straights through which aid to Russia flows. Britain and France, experiencing heavy casualties with little success against Germany on the Western Front, begin to consider options to outflank the enemy strategically, such as a offensive through the Balkans and Turkey. Allied admirals claim that Allied battleships can force the Dardanelles, thus reopening supply lines to Russia and bombarding the Turkish capital of Constantinople with their powerful guns. The Allied navies do not get an opportunity to test what sort of effect this may have as Turkish mines and coastal batteries repel the Allied fleet. The Allies thus plan an invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula proper under the command of Sir Ian Hamilton. However, the Allied naval attack forces the Turkish General Staff to reinforce its Gallipoli defenses; it activates a single army under Otto Liman von Sanders, an officer in Turkey as part of the German military mission. Stakes + A Turkish victory would maintain its blockade of Allied aid to Russia and rally support from non-committal Balkan states such as Greece and Bulgaria. + An Allied victory would reopen the Dardanelles and threaten Constantinople. By Jonathan Webb, 2012

Gallipoli, 1915 -1916 Strength §Turkish Fifth Army §Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force §Otto Liman von Sanders §Sir Ian Hamilton § 6 divisions or 60, 000 (initial) § 17 divisions (eventual) § 5 divisions or 75, 000 (initial) § 15 divisions (eventual) §Well By Jonathan Webb, 2012

Europe c. 1915

The battlefield is a cramped peninsula: from Cape Helles to the northeast corner shown on the map is less than 45 km, with the entire peninsula (some of it off map) being 80 km in length. The width varies, the narrowest part being the Bulair Isthmus to the north (off map) at 5. 5 km wide, the widest being between Suvla Bay and the Dardanelle Straits at 19 km wide. The battlefield has four series of hills, the most dominating being Sari Bair Ridge and the smaller, higher Chunuk Bair Ridge within it. Achi Baba Ridge is the most gradual but also includes many steep ravines. The Asiatic shore to the south is flatter and lower than the peninsula but still features wooded hills and steeper ridges further inland. The most suitable beaches for landings are around Cape Helles, just south of Gaba Tepe, Ariburnu/Anzac Cove, Suvla Bay, and at Kum Kale. Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Hamilton) Cape Helles Sedd-el-Bahr Kum Kale Aegean Sea Krithia Suvla Bay Achi Baba Ridge Kiretch Tepe Ridge Gaba Tepe Ariburnu/Anzac Cove Dardanelle Straits Kilid Bahr Ridge Sari Bair Ridge Chunuk Bair Ridge Anafarta Ridge Eceabat Mal Tepe Kilid Bahr 0 5 10 km Chanak Turkish Fifth Army (Sanders)

th British th Division nd nd thcapture The Sanders 29 reinforces Division Mustafa storms Kemal’s front at five with separate regiments beaches from XV around Cape divisions Helles. Met orders with aan hail attack of fire to upon destroy landing, the Anzac the British beachhead. succeed The in establishing morning April a. Hunter-Weston beachhead 27, the over-sized with sheer numbers 19 (17, 000 nd. Turkish Strengthened The 2 Pasha Turkish byfeints Division Anzac reserves is so shattered and awith brigade that Sanders from the takes incoming it. Corps’ out of 15, 600 42 line British and into Division, army reserve. Hamilton Sanders orders also Hunter-Weston orders 11 to Division Krithia; tolaunches begin the trek tothere. the plans peninsula to focus from on. Kum the At Perceiving During Helles, the Hamilton the lull, Allies Hamilton masses at an Helles requests 46, 000 toashore be four weakened troops more divisions after 7, 000 their and in failed reserve increased attack, against supply yet concerned of. Cape shell Turkish to by maintain the troops powerful the with Allied naval 18, 500 position guns, in reserve. Sanders and At orders Anzac, capture athe night the NZA the bayonet peninsula. Division attack Meanwhile, all along a the diversionary the line RND, 42 attack The British May against 1/2 Division attack Mustafa and is Hamilton Sanders Esat is plans aware masses of 42, 000 atimpending Saros troops Bay Allied against and attack Kum 17, 000 Kale, but Anzacs. does and not landings Fortunately know at where for itand the will Helles Anzacs, happen. and British Ariburnu/Anzac The Turkish naval aircraft plan Cove. ispossibly thus spot Both to concentrations slow landing any forces Allied of Turks attacks are to before rapidly by deploying the advance May light 18/19 inland, infantry night supported attack, screens and on by th Turkish st French rd Turkish Division rd st vs attacks 3, 800) but despite Allied naval local counterattacks gunfire smashes as its the tired 9 troops. Mustafa Division Kemal reinforces calls the off rear the attack lines. The and 1 commits every division regiment lands in at a Kum night Kale; attack, the but Turkish this degenerates response is soft into until uncoordinated Nicolai’s 3 engagements and nd th th nd th Turkish Kale. right Nicolai, wing and 3 ofand Division capture commander, Krithia from the complains west. Although that the area the is Allies toopoints weak, possess Sanders many orders more guns the 1 than Division the previous there. At attempt, Anzac, the ammunition stench ofattack, rotting still 11 insufficient corpses from and the lack failed of th. The rdis ththis able. French 2 Kemal’s to. When overcome 19 division Division, the settle frontline which into promptly but thethrown Helles counterattacks. back lines. by. The counterattacking Turkish The French forces reserves. are significantly The falters. Turkish reinforced Aformations attack RND bayonet nearly on all fronts: breaks assault the through forces 12 Selahattin the Division French, relieves Adil’s now. Weber’s 12 designated the Division 7 Ridge Division the to commit Corps in the d’Expéditionnaire its south reserve, while but the d’Orient 2 the ends and the (CEO). 16 threat. Divisions Fierce The subsequent possible are thus landing fully landings prepared sites, troops. to meet then The conduct them. 29 British immediate Turks’ Division high counterattacks is morale toattack land isquickly at no by various match stronger for the around Anzac Cape to machine eliminate Helles guns, the and beachheads. capture the attack Achi Baba collapses XV almost Corps, in the initial immediately. the 3 and while Esat Divisions, Pasha Australian-New renews defend the st French launches collapses. a. Knowing costly, confused that thehave night Turks attack. can reinforce Having their diverted defences coastal by artillery land faster fire away than from he the can the. Turkish by Helles sea, landings, Hamilton the realizes 1 the need division tothe attack disembarks orders reinforce an Pasha attack Helles. all along Atcorps Ariburnu the reserves line Cove, at Helles shrapnel tothe capture and nd British th and thto. Division. th Allied reinforce 42 follow-on the Division’s north. counterattacks Sanders attack appoints into. Kale. gain the center no. Esat ground, is Pasha most shattering command successful, some ofwith penetrating the units. Sodernstern Northern deeply Group, into attempts Mustafa another Kemal line. night reverting Rather attack than May toorders reinforce 3/4, including this success, the 19 fresh Division. Hunter-Weston 15 Esat The uses correctly 15 his Division alerts penetrates Sanders toheld that deep reinforce Allied the intelligence Turkish attack means is so they unbearable few that targets the two to aim sides agree Over to the anew truce next three to remove days, them three which Allied goes frontal ahead assaults without fail miserably incident May against 24. Also well-concealed during this Turkish time, German submarines guns, despite arrive a th thmachine Zealand Asiatic attack along shores (Anzac) the around front Corps Kum in isthe morning land at Ariburnu but Pasha’s this too Cove IIIfor. Corps fails and defends capture severe the losses. Gallipoli highpoint Sanders peninsula Mal Tepe. orders and Hamilton’s Esat more; Pasha the 9 commanding to Division stay are on somewhat defends the defensive the vague southern for however the peninsula, foreseeable and do 19 not future. Division explicitly On is the state Allied how ininto corps side, the th Division rifle Krithia fire the hits morning the Anzac April forces 28. Lacking as they sufficient land. Esat artillery Pasha and attaches ammunition, the single the Allied defending attack regiment fails as to Halil Mustafa Sami, Kemals 9 incoming commanders, 19 commits and designates his reserves, him which Ariburnu suffer Group greatly commander. from Allied Upon naval th French attacks flanks which sector in thehave but south due little have toeffect damaged weakened against telephone the unbroken Anzac lines, perimeter Turkish Sodernstern and lines. so is. Regardless unaware a massive ofof four-division itsin this success tactical and attack blunder, orders to erase none a. Allied retreat; of the. Weber’s Anzac hisreserves. failure beachhead reserves here prompts are is yet planned. committed Sanders Also toto during replace thefire battle. this him period, with Weber. ato orders Turkish Mustafa thedestroyer 9 Kemal Division takes also to preponderance and sink British of numbers battleships (25, 000 Triumph vs 10, 000). and Majestic, Only the prompting French succeed the withdrawal even of drawing remaining in any Turkish battleships. From Weber’s now Chief on, immediate of Staff Thauvenay support urges is a be withdrawal provided but only both by th th peninsula reserve, Birdwood and urgently is to 7 forward. be Division cleared requests defends following a afew the brigades the vital initial Bulair attack. isthmus Helles 12 to battleships which counterattack links and the 18 peninsula the cruisers shattered toare mainland Turkish to cover units, Turkey, the. Australian landings which and Hamilton 5 commanders but Division their declines. ammunition defends the expenditure Saros Bay beaches severely ofrestricted. mainland Turkey. arrival, gunfire Mustafa moving Kemal Oddly, a the coordinated does bayonet explicitly counterattack. request reinforcements Stunned by despite this fierce the initial attack, attack’s some clear failure; only two divisions urge evacuating are on their theway beachhead tois the peninsula. to which By Hamilton April replies, three “dig, new thfrom launches advantage counterattack a of night thick the attack night fog, launches June torpedoing May 1/2 5/6; Hamilton with it and seizes sinking fresh the British 5 not the Division British frontline battleship but and it falters aoffew Goliath. against machine Making alert guns Australian matters before worse, being machine counterattacked the guns Alliedand admiralty naval in turn, gunfire receives thus making stabilizing reports of of incoming the spotlights. line. German submarines, prompting the 30, withdrawal of Weber destroyers, and significantly reducing the Group isfirepower not seriously Allied threatened. Nonetheless, plans yet another attackuse capture Krithia. th th heading dig, battleships. Turkish dig. ”divisions The. Sanders transports arrive recognize inofthe peninsula: 63 rd Southern British 7 morale Division and 15 and (RND) feint towards at Saros Helles, Bay units. before 5 th towards reinforcing Ariburnu. the Hamilton Anzac Esat Pasha beachhead; organizes Sanders the divisions is unmoved atto Helles by thisinto feint Southern and sends Group the under 7 th Division Soderstern. south. five Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Hamilton) Subordinates Cape Helles May April May June May 20 -June 24: 27 -30: 25 -26: 1 -5 9 -17: 18 -19: 6 -8: 4 -6: 3: rd Stabilization st attack Helles Ariburnu night. Turkish counterattack/1 Helles/Anzac Northern attacks/Ariburnu 23 nd Battle deployment/ Group of landings Krithia Battle counterattack of Krithia Casualties Allied plans VIII Corps (Hunter-Weston) st Battle nd Helles Kum night 1 rd 2 Northern 3 Battle Kale attacks, landing, Group of of Krithia, Mayattack, 1 -4: April June May 25 -26: May 28: 6 -8: 4 -6: 18 -19: ~2, 378 2, 000 5, 017 1, 735 10, 000 9, 970 Turks ~6, 000 6, 500 3, 000 ~3, 000 786 628 Allies Allies Kum Kale Ariburnu Helles counterattack, landing, April 25 -26: 27 -May 1: 6, 000 636 Turks ~5, 300 3, 800 Allies Anzac landing, April 25 -26: ~3, 000 Turks ~3, 000 Allies Sedd-el-Bahr CEO (Gouraud) (Amade) Southern Group (Sodernstern) (Weber) XV Asia Corps Group (Mehmet (Weber) Ali) Aegean Sea Krithia Anzac Corps (Birdwood) Achi Baba Ridge Kiretch Tepe Ridge Gaba Tepe Ariburnu/Anzac Cove Dardanelle Straits Kilid Bahr Ridge Sari Bair Ridge Eceabat Ariburnu Group Northern (Kemal) (Esat Pasha) III Corps (Esat Pasha) Kilid Bahr Chunuk Bair Ridge Anafarta Ridge Mal Tepe Symbol guide Subordinates Landmarks 0 Suvla Bay 5 10 km Chanak Turkish Fifth Army (Sanders)

ndth. British th Division nd sector. th stand th Divisions, rdto th thof th while The British attack front is much wider the earlier French attack and thus the concentration ofback artillery, so. Southern then, isover greatly The 29 British Division, strengthened by an Indian nd Hunter-Weston and Gourard once again transfer their heavy artillery the French sector where the 52 Division and 11 two French Sanders Hunter-Weston uses lull Gourard’s in combat first tothan reorganize experiment hisis involves forces. Sanders the modest pulls goal the 9 of capturing Hill to 83 army and reserve two redoubts after 44 along days aand combat narrow front sending in the French the 2 to and Following Divisions an to The Perceived Turkish to 1 this be and tired 11 and dispirited, incapable Weber of relieved further in attacks, favour make of Vehip way Pasha. for back the Also 3 and in 5 effective Divisions, Group, the 13, 500 8 reduced. well-rested 10 Divisions troops. arrive Under replace Mehmet the Ali, 3 rdthese and While losing only a few trenches, the Turks suffer heavily during the French attack, forcing Weber to relieve the 2 Southern Division with the nd British Division, attacks the 11 th Turkish th and th most th. French th Divisions nd brigade and. Group. another from the incoming 52 Division therecent morning June 2–nd 28; its commander, Rafet, violently counterattacks with Group’s immediate th th th Southern intensification of an The ongoing night June artillery 11/12, barrage Weber – 20 daringly times the relieves concentration the 9 as 12 the Divisions with attack the , 7 , and 11 attack June 21. simultaneously Hasan Askeri’s under 2 great Division secrecy. maintains Sanders control also of divisions are to attack; their objective is to seize Turkish positions along the eastern shore flank. The initial bombardment effectively destroys the divisions 5 Divisions, attack which with return bayonet to their the night original July dispositions 4/5 following before a short, the disastrous apparently counterattack. ineffective, artillery Meanwhile, barrage. the The 13 Turks and 14 seize Divisions the British also first arrive line on but the at peninsula. excessive th st th relatively fresh 12 Fortunately, the 1 peninsula and 6 in artillery Divisions are also enthe route to Southern Group. Meanwhile, Hunter-Weston reserves. The British attack is Division. most successful on the left, where most offierce the heavy isweeks. positioned, and establishes a. Hamilton deep salient. Sanders orders Weber to eliminate this salient as it trenches threatens receives Hill 83 throughout word that the two battle more and divisions is able will to be counterattack. available for A the less French coming attack occurs On June the 23 Allied but side, battle winds receives down with word the that French no less still than holding five a divisions few Turkish are to arrive nd th th cost. On the Hunter-Weston Allied side, trench thesends rest of in the reserves 52 British standing Division by, which arrives, retake itsofcommander these trenches. angered Mehmet by the way sends its Faik vanguard in attacks what reserves brigade he has sacrificed but 3. they in cannot previous salvage attack. the th and frontline Turkish system but the Allied troops inevitably run untouched positions and troops. was The Turkish 4 the and 7 lack Divisions the Turkish right flank. Weber appoints Faik to lead an attack force, comprised the 1 st, into 11 elements of. Turkish 6 th Ali Divisions; ineffectually June 29 -July Witnessing of success, and transfer heavy artillery to the British sector in preparation for another modest attack. on Hill the. Gourard 83. peninsula While this next ismonth not ardtheir complete for a decisive success, stroke. the. For French now, succeed Hunter-Weston in inflicting andmany Gourard more decide casualties together than tothey avoid suffer attacks too large to be properly covered by heavy artillery fire. th Divisions st th Division situation Nonetheless, as the Hunter-Weston Turkish 3 staff, andselects 5 lost the retreat British through Division to Division takend. Group, part lines ininthe under next heavy gun fire. The Turkish attack fails with horrendous casualties. Sanders orders Mehmet Ali, his along with the 52 3 rdnd and 5 th Divisions to 1 Southern addition toattack. thewith 4 machine is already route. counterattack and recapture trenches. Vehip Pasha plans to counterattack the 6 thwhich Division buten the Allied attack peters out. Hunter-Weston loans Gourard much of his heavy artillery to soften up the 2 Turkish Division days before a planned experimental attack with this new doctrine. Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Hamilton) Subordinates Kum Kale Cape Helles June July 28 -July 21 -25: 12 -13: 6 -11: 4 -5: 3: June 7 -20: 26 -27: Battle 12 stnd. Battle of. Stabilization Gully ofof. Kereves Ravine, Dere part Dere. III Casualties (Achi (Hill Baba 83)Nullah) Battle of Gully Ravine, June 28 -July 5: 16, 000 Turks 5, 000 VIII Corps (Hunter-Weston) Sedd-el-Bahr CEO (Gourard) Southern Group (Vehip (Weber) Pasha) Allies Casualties st nd 1 Battle 2 Battle of of Kereves Dere, June July 12 -13: 21 -25: Allies (Achi (Hill. Baba 83) Nullah) 5, 000 5, 800 Turks 4, 000 2, 500 Aegean Sea Asia Group (Mehmet Ali) Krithia Suvla Bay Achi Baba Ridge Gaba Tepe ANZAC Corps (Birdwood) Kiretch Tepe Ridge Ariburnu/Anzac Cove Dardanelle Straits Kilid Bahr Ridge Sari Bair Ridge Northern Group (Esat Pasha) Chunuk Bair Ridge Anafarta Ridge Eceabat Mal Tepe Symbol guide Kilid Bahr Subordinates Landmarks 0 5 10 km Chanak Turkish Fifth Army (Sanders)

th Turkish August 6 -7 intelligence witness continues major is aware diversionary ofat an. Helles impending Allied landing, at Helles, estimating although itfighting will be directedaagainst characterized Saros Bay bycounterattack. or the. Bulair struggle isthmus. around Meanwhile, a vineyard. attacks group. Division commanders prove costly and Mehmet do not Ali prevent and Esat Sanders Sporadic fighting andattacks Sari Bair as Mustafa Kemal launches multidivisional August 9, the Sanders’ 12 These advances toth contact on a. Pasha wide Hamilton, dissatisfied with the progress at Suvla, prods Stopford tocontinues, launch offensive operations. August 12, Stopford orders the. Divisions, newly-landed 54 British Division st Australian th th th British are from convinced ordering Southern it will occur Group’s in their reserve respective divisions sectors. north Virtually to meet all the fronts main are attack instructed at Anzac. to rehearse Anzac attacks maneuvers begin in with the an event attack of a by landing; the 1 three divisions NZA guard Kum Kale, resulting six in 13 costly (two counterattacks of which are front, collides with the 11 British Division and drives it back; the 7 Turkish Division meanwhile drives back strongly held positions and of the northern flank of at the. Helles Division. to seizeto. Tekke Teppe, atrenches. ridge along Anafarta Ridge; the isthe supported by thethis 11 th British Division. accurate intelligence regarding and th th British stationed by Group toflanks), regain three at Anzac, Esat Pasha and three quickly at Saros responds Bay. Abandoning by attack ordering their 9 Bair relative Division successful north; “bite division and hold” arrives strategy, in line. The the on. Lacking Sari Allies Bair actually in. August time intend to 10, block to. Mustafa land the at 13 Suvla Baypersonally Division’s with IXterrain Corps outflanking under The. Northern rest of therear 13 th British Division launches its final attack to capture Chunuk the evening August 9, which fails. morning Kemal directs a th British Turkish positions, the Godley, British are mowed down. August 15, Stopford orders the 10 British Division to break through along Kiretch attack Stopford march over north Chunuk of the Bair. Anzac position 13 while Birdwood’s Division Anzac commander, Corps hits continues the enemy the right attack with August outflanking 8 thbut marches is repulsed. through At Suvla, rough the terrain British largely 11 th Turkish defended and 10 th lines Divisions by isolated land outposts; Augustthe 6 Tepe. and 13 th British 7 The respectively; Division counterattack by the 8 th Division, driving back theth British and ending the threat to Sari Bair Ridge albeit at high cost. At Suvla, the 10 th British Division pushes slowly along Kiretch is Stopford landedsome does to undertake not urgently this push maneuver. these At divisions Helles, forward diversionary as hisattacks 27, 000 are troops planned are slowed to pin down by Turkish 3, 000 reserves. Turks. During The objective this lost time, positions. of Sanders this series forced of attacks marchesisthe Sari 7 th. Bair and. Ridge, 12 th Divisions the capture fromof. Saros which. Bay would but makes progress but. Division the just-arrived Turkish Division counterattacks and reoccupies their Tepe Ridge. The 53 rd. Recognizing British alsonature lands 5 of during this attacks period. in the makearrive they the Turkish exhausted. position at Anzac untenable. the critical the Allied north, Sanders places the five northernmost divisions under control of Mustafa Kemal’s Anafarta Group. Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Hamilton) Subordinates Cape Helles July August 14 -August 11 -16: 9 -10: 6 -8: 5: 1 st. Battle Stabilization Anafarta Battles of Tekke of Krithia Tepe/ Casualties Vineyard/Anzac Kiretch Tepe Ridge breakout/ Anzac breakout/Suvla landings, August 6 -10: 20, 000 Turks Suvla landings Casualties /1 Anafarta Battles VIII Corps (Davies) st Battle of Tekke Tepe, August Casualties 12: ? ? Battle of Krithia Vineyard, 7, 510 Turks 2, 000 ~8, 000 Battle of Kiretch Tepe, August 6 -13: 15: 1, 651 Turks Allies Sedd-el-Bahr Kum Kale 25, 000 Allies CEO (Amade) Aegean Sea Asia Group (Mehmet Ali) IX Corps (Stopford) Krithia Southern Group (Vehip Pasha) Achi Baba Ridge Gaba Tepe Suvla Bay ANZAC Corps (Birdwood) Kiretch Tepe Ridge Ariburnu/Anzac Cove Dardanelle Straits Kilid Bahr Ridge Sari Bair Ridge Northern Group (Esat Pasha) Eceabat Chunuk Bair Ridge Anafarta Group Mal Tepe (Mustafa Kemal) Symbol guide Kilid Bahr Subordinates Landmarks 0 5 10 km Chanak Turkish Fifth Army (Sanders)

th between th Allied De Lisle’s high limited command objective replaces is to. Anzac/Suvla Hamilton capture awith few Monro, Turkish-held anfor able highpoints army commander toevacuation, bebegan better prepared the Western assault Front. Anafarta With Serbia’s defeat the future. and Bulgaria’s August 21, belligerency, deth. Lisle launches awar railway the line 11 and 29 As the Allies work totomimic the preparations Helles Sanders works onfront a. Ridge plan annihilate the Allied force it evacuates; he While In the nights Allied debate leading regarding up the conduct and evacuation, feasibility men ofthe and campaign equipment arefrom secretly before withdrawn thetoactual from landings, the Serbia’s linesinto defeat little by and little. Bulgaria’s until only entry 20, 000 into remain theas by December force Hamilton 19/20. to During the short lull, two Turkish divisions arrive at Saros Bay, freeing Sanders to bring the 6 Division to Anafarta th th th Britishtwo Germany Divisions and Turkey against isand thethe 7 to and allowing 12 Turkish Divisions; tofor send Mustafa heavy Kemal mortars immediately and howitzers to. Allied the 9 attack Division large supplies from reserve shell, toinand support German the. Allied 12 specialists Division, to train the Turkish 6 force Division gunners from in nd Australian threopened, th. Low-level send Naval bombardments divisions to 12 Salonika detonation ensure Greek of. Germany mines support contribute the Allied to the cause, Turkish only belief receiving thatorders an the 2 Turkey, is Division imminent compensation. fact, the These regional troops events are evacuating. also the Allies thus brings the Division south for assault training. Lavishly supported by artillery, the 12 thinofwhen Division attacks January 7 and but the 13 British ndat. British the newest rear tosuch reserve. tactics. Allied Thetheir Turks morale repel drops theimmediately initial British following attack with their heavy experience loss; de with Lisle these responds new artillery by sending andgoing tactics thethe 2 well Anafarta (Dis)mounted and Helles Division November forward 20. deserted This through artillery, the disordered the overall to methods seriously reconsider as automatic Balkan rifles designed strategy, to especially fire periodically in relation long to Gallipoli. after troops Overall, have the left, campaign also help is conceal not evacuation. while the Turkish positions patrols discover and resolve remain Allied strong. lines While the Group. Meanwhile, Hamilton sacks Stopford in favour of De Lisle, who is tasked with planning another major Division easily repels theand Turkish attack with the aid of Division navalstorms gunfire. night January 8/9, thea Allies destroy all remaining and th Division 29 poor Allied position to support at Gallipoli the attack. Combat theperiod, Balkans, is fierce and as severe the 12 th. Mediterranean launches wrecking a. The dawn havoc counterattack. with logistics, August contribute 27, portion todivisions therather decision of the 11 thmade British December Division renews 7 livestock to evacuate the attack, the no final morning decision December is reached 20. Pleasantly during surprised this by the Allied evacuation’s force is. Turkish significantly success, Allied drawn highdown. command On the decides Turkish toside, evacuate numerous Helles fresh sooner relieve than later. exhausted divisions. nd offensive. Hamilton lands the 2 British (Dis)mounted Division at Suvla to take part in this offensive. vehicles, and withdraw to the beaches. Some minor skirmishes occur as small Turkish units cautiously advance, but the Allies escape unscathed. which makes peninsula. Anzac/Suvla some progress, is to be butevacuated is violentlyfirst, counterattacked followed by Helles. throughout On the Turkish following side, night. Fevzi Pasha becomes Anafarta Group commander when Mustafa Kemal falls ill. Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (Hamilton) (Monro) Subordinates August December October December August 29 -October 22 -December 21 -28: 25 -January 17 -20: 11 -24: 21: 9: 10: Anzac/Suvla Helles Stabilization draw-down evacuation 2 nd. Allied Anafarta Battles (Battles of Scimitar Hill/Hill 60) Cape Helles VIII Corps (Davies) 2 nd Sedd-el-Bahr Kum Kale Casualties Anafarta Battles, August 21 -28: 2, 598 Turks CEO (Amade) (Sarrail) Aegean Sea Asia Group (Mehmet Ali) 10, 000 Allies IX IXCorps (De (Byng) Lisle) Krithia Southern Group (Vehip (Cevat) Pasha) Achi Baba Suvla Bay ANZAC Corps (Birdwood) Ridge Kiretch Tepe Ridge Gaba Tepe Ariburnu/Anzac Cove Dardanelle Straits Kilid Bahr Ridge Sari Bair Ridge Northern Group (Esat (Ali Raza) Pasha) Eceabat Chunuk Bair Ridge Anafarta Group (Mustafa (Fevzi Pashal) Kemal) Mal Tepe Anafarta Ridge Symbol guide Kilid Bahr Subordinates Landmarks 0 5 10 km Chanak Turkish Fifth Army (Sanders)

Gallipoli, 1915 -1916 Casualties & Aftermath Turkish Fifth Army: 229, 000 Allied Mediterranean Expeditionary Force: 252, 000 The Gallipoli campaign trained Turkish commanders and units in modern warfare tactics. Upon the Allied evacuation, these seasoned Turkish divisions were sent to the Caucasus and Middle East to fight the Russians and British respectively. The Allies meanwhile diverted their attention and resources to the Salonika front to maintain a foothold in the Balkans. The Turks suffered heavily in the face of the Russian Erzerum offensive in February 1916, but surrounded and captured a British army in Mesopotamia at the Battle of Kut in April 1916. The Turkish strategic position deteriorated steadily thereafter however. The British defeated the Turks in Palestine at the Battle of Beersheba October 1917 and Megiddo September 1918. The Allied Vardar offensive in September 1918, launched from the Salonika front, defeated Bulgaria, thus threatening Constantinople. It is this final defeat which ensured Turkey’s capitulation despite maintaining command control over 28 intact divisions. By Jonathan Webb, 2012

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps http: //www. theartofbattle. com By Jonathan Webb, 2012