Gallic Wars V Gallic Wars V 24 24

Gallic Wars V

• Gallic Wars V. 24 [24] Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare legionesque in plures civitates distribuere. Ex quibus unam in Morinos ducendam Gaio Fabio legato dedit, alteram in Nervios Quinto Ciceroni, tertiam in • Esubios Lucio Roscio; quartam in Remis cum Tito Labieno in confinio Treverorum hiemare iussit. Tres in • Belgis collocavit: eis Marcum Crassum quaestorem et • Lucium Munatium Plancum et Gaium Trebonium legatos praefecit. • confinium, -i = common boundary. border • quaestors were elected officials of finance; Caesar used those with military experience to command a legion (he did this in the battle with Ariovistus) Samarobrivae is in the locative case; the locative case is used for cities, small islands, and a few other words (domus, rus, humus, focus, and militia); for 1 st and 2 nd decl. sing. , loc. = gen. ; for 3 rd decl. sing. and all pl. , loc. = abl. ; Samarobrive was the capital city of the Ambiani, modern day Ambiens perago, peragere, peregi, peractus = carry through/ accomplish/ complete siccatas, siccatis (f) = drought Of the commanders of the camps, two of the most famous were Marcus Crassus, younger son of M. Licinius Crassus Dives, and Quintus Cicero, younger brother of M. Tullius Cicero; T. Labienus is also mentioned frequently in the Gallic Wars, and was one of Caesar’s most ablest legates; though in the Civil War, he will break from Caesar and fight on the Republican side

• Unam legionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes V in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rhenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et Catuvolci erant, misit. Eis militibus Quintum Titurium Sabinum et Lucium Aurunculeium • Cottam legatos praeesse iussit. Ad hunc modum • distributis legionibus facillime inopiae frumentariae sese mederi posse existimavit. Atque harum tamen • omnium legionum hiberna praeter eam, quam Lucio Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem • ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continebantur. Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas munitaque hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari • constituit. • • • munio, munire, munivi, munitus = build/ fortify morari – Caesar was accustomed to spend winters in • Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum to act as governor; because these men will soon come under attack, Caesar wants to neutralize any criticism that his eventual departure put lives in danger, so he makes a point of saying that he delayed until the men were safely in their winter camps the legion mentioned here is the 14 th, along with 5 additional cohorts; Caesar wants us to know that he sent some experienced soldiers along with the new legion. Padus, -i = Po River Mosa, -ae = Mosa River, now Meuse Ambiorix = chieftain of the Eburones; Catuvolvus, another leader is also mentioned Quintus Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Arunculeius Cotta are two legates and will be two of the main characters in the chapters that follow inopia, -ae = lack/ shortage medeor, mederi (+dat. ) = heal/ remedy/ releive militibus passum centum continebantur – means that the camps were within a radius of 100 miles from each other, this may have been an underestimate

Tagestius was a prince of the Carnutes, a tribe in Central Gaul on both sides of the Loire; Caesar played factions within the tribe against each other and restored Tagestius to the highest position his ancestors held (divide and conquer) pro = in return for benevolentia, -ae = goodwill singulari = one-at-a-time/ unusual/ exceptional palam = openly auctor, auctoris (m) = promoter/ creator impulsus = pushing against/ pressure/ incitement/ instigation • deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus = withdraw/ desert/ revolt • Gallic Wars V. 25 [25] Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, cuius maiores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Huic Caesar pro eius virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat usus, maiorum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum regnantem inimici, multis palam ex civitate eius auctoribus, eum interfecerunt. Defertur ea res ad • Caesarem. Ille veritus, quod ad plures pertinebat, ne • civitas eorum impulsu deficeret, Lucium Plancum • legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci iubet ibique hiemare quorumque opera cognoverat • Tasgetium interfectum, hos comprehensos ad se • mittere. Interim ab omnibus legatis quaestoribusque, • quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis esse munitum.

• Gallic Wars V. 26 [26] Diebus circiter XV, quibus in hiberna ventum est, • • initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum est ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco; qui, cum ad fines regni sui Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent frumentumque in hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi suos concitaverunt subitoque oppressis lignatoribus magna manu ad castra oppugnatum • venerunt. Cum celeriter nostri arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent atque una ex parte Hispanis • equitibus emissis equestri proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab oppugnatione reduxerunt. Tum suo more conclamaverunt, uti aliqui ex nostris ad • colloquium prodiret: habere sese, quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus rebus controversias minui posse • sperarent. • • • desperata re… duxerunt = this whole attack was probably a ruse to get the Romans to debate as in the next several chapters suo more = the Romans would have sent 1 -2 men with such a request and found the Gallic custom strange minuo, minuere, minui, minutus = make smaller • • • repetinus, -a, -um = sudden defectio, -onis (f) = rebellion Ambiorix and Catuvolcus were leaders of the Eburones; they were responsible for providing supplies to the Roman army for the winter. As we first meet Sabinus and Cotta, they have just finished meeting with local leaders for winter supplies. praesto esse + dat. = to be at hand Indutiomarus was a chief of the Treveri, who were anti-Roman and angry at Caesar for taking hostages cincito, -are, -avi, -atus = put in motion/ incite lignator, -oris (m) = woodcutter/ wood-gatherer oppugnatum is a supine, not a participle vallum. –i = wall/ rampart equester, equestris, equestre = with horses

statue of Ambiorix in Tongeren, Belgium

Keep all parts of the names Gallic Wars V. 27 Quintus Titurius Sabinus and [27] Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa Gaius Arpineius, Lucius Arunculeius Cotta in mind eques Romanus, familiaris Quinti Tituri, et Quintus • “pro Caesaris in se beneficiis” = Iunius ex Hispania quidam, qui iam ante missu Caesaris in respect of the benefits bestowed by Caesar on himself ad Ambiorigem ventitare consuerat; apud quos (i. e. Ambiorix; note the force of Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est: Sese pro the subjective genitive Caesaris in se beneficiis plurimum ei confiteri debere, did things for Ambiorix that benefitted Ambiorix; Ambiorix quod eius opera stipendio liberatus esset, quod is absolving Caesar of blame for Aduatucis, finitimis suis, pendere consuesset, quodque the attack; none of which follows is Caesar’s fault ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent, • confiteor, confiteri, confessus quos Aduatuci obsidum numero missos apud in sum = acknowledge/ admit servitute et catenis tenuissent; neque id, quod fecerit • stipendium, -i = tribute de oppugnatione castrorum, aut iudicio aut voluntate • The Aduatuci was a Germanic sua fecisse, sed coactu civitatis, suaque esse eiusmodi tribe of Gallic/ Belgian origin imperia, ut non minus haberet iuris in se multitudo • finitimus, -a, -um = bordering on/ neighboring quam ipse in multitudinem. Civitati porro hanc fuisse • pendo, pendere, pependi, belli causam, quod repentinae Gallorum coniurationi pensus = weigh/ pay resistere non potuerit. • obses, obsidis = hostage • imperia in this context is • Note the prominent placement of “civitas” government/ rule underscored by “porro” Having explained why he himself joined the attack, Ambiorix moves on to • porro = onward/ moreover/ explain why his people have joined the attack. further •

humilitas, -tatis (f) = low position (Ambiorix is alluding to the fact that the Eburones were a small tribe • omnibus… oppugnandis = dative phrase with a gerundive “for all the camps to be attacked” • ne qua legio = so that no legion could (negative purpose clause) “alterae legioni subsidio” is a double dative • subsidium, subsidii = help Id se facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non • adeo sit imperitus rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum superari posse confidat. Sed esse Galliae commune consilium: omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio venire posset.

Non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, praesertim • cum de recuperanda communi libertate consilium • • initum videretur. Quibus quoniam pro pietate satisfecerit, habere nunc se rationem offici pro beneficiis Caesaris: monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio, ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. Magnam manum Germanorum conductam Rhenum transisse; • hanc adfore biduo. • • • quoniam = because pro = in regard to satisfacio, satisfacere, satisfeci, satisfactus = do enough; now that Ambiorix has satisfied the Gauls, he can consider once more what he owes Caesar (se) monere (se) orare (ellipsis and asyndeton) salus, salutis (f) = safety Magnum… transisse = a lie on Ambiorix’s part conductus, -a, -um = hired “Rhenum transisse”, playing on the Romans’ fear of the Germans adfore, fore is an alternative form of futurus esse biduum, -i = space of two days

Ipsorum esse consilium, velintne priusquam finitimi • sentiant eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem aut ad Labienum deducere, quorum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab • eis absit. Illud se polliceri et iureiurando confirmare tutum iter per fines daturum. Quod cum faciat, et • civitati sese consulere, quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre. Hac oratione • habita discedit Ambiorix. • • Ipsorum esse consilium = it was their own deliberation (it was something that they needed to decide) -ne = whether/ if (when introducing an indirect question) priusquam sentiant = before they could realize Caesar pointedly names the two lieutenants (Cicero and Labienus) who will not be taken by such tricks quinquaginta = fifty amplius = more “Quod cum faciat” = And, since he does this levo, -are, -avi, -atus = lighten/ relieve of something (hibernis levetur = relieved of the burden of supplying the Romans with winter supplies) meritum, -i = kindness/ favor gratiam referre = to make recompense orationem habere = to deliver a speech

humilis, -e = low/ humble sponte = voluntarily/ of one’s own accord consilium = council of war, (all leaders were morally obligated to seek councel when taking actions) THIs council consisted of the commanders, the military tribunes, and the senior centurions (probably the first six of the first cohort) • exsisto, exsistere, exstiti, exstiturus = step forward/ emerge Gallic Wars V. 28 • [28] Arpineius et Iunius, quae audierunt, ad legatos deferunt. Illi repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea • dicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant maximeque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem • ignobilem atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum. Itaque ad consilium rem deferunt magnaque inter eos exsistit controversia.

Lucius Aurunculeius compluresque tribuni militum et • primorum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum neque ex hibernis iniussu Caesaris discedendum • existimabant: quantasvis [magnas] copias etiam • • Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebant: rem esse testimonio, quod primum hostium • impetum multis ultro vulneribus illatis fortissime sustinuerint: re frumentaria non premi; interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia: • postremo quid esse levius aut turpius, quam auctore • hoste de summis rebus capere consilium? • • • Tribuni militi were military officers from aristocratic families; six to a legion temere = rashly/ recklessly iniussus, -us = without an order quantusvis, -is = as much as you wish/ however great etiam – the Germans were regarded as more serious opponents munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus = defend with a wall/ fortify munitis hibernis = ablative absolute testemonium, -i = proof ultro = voluntarily/ besides/ moreover res frumentaria = grain supply quid esset; rogare is implied because Cotta and the other soldiers are continuing to present their arguments turpis, -e = disgraceful/ shameful

sero facturos = that they would be acting too late clamito, -are, -avi, -atus = shout frequently (frequentative verb) calamitas, calamitatis (f) = disaster (note how this is an unflattering portrayal of Sabinus) proximis hibernis, the camp of Sabinus and Cotta was the most northerly one; if the camps closest to their were captured it would be even more difficult for them to reach safety • in Italiam = to Gallia Cisalpina, Caesar normally spent the winter there and in Illyricum dealing with administrative matters • contemtione nostri = contempt for us • Gallic Wars V. 29 [29] Contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, cum • maiores manus hostium adiunctis Germanis convenissent aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis esset acceptum. Brevem consulendi esse • occasionem. Caesarem arbitrari profectum in Italiam; neque aliter Carnutes interficiendi Tasgeti consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta • contemptione nostri ad castra venturos esse. • “neque Carnutes… fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, … venturos esse” = if that one (Caesar) had been present, neither would the Carnutes have adopted… nor would the Eburones be approaching, etc. ”

Non hostem auctorem, sed rem spectare: subesse • Rhenum; magno esse Germanis dolori Ariovisti mortem et superiores nostras victorias; ardere Galliam • tot contumeliis acceptis sub populi Romani imperium • redactam superiore gloria rei militaris exstincta. Postremo quis hoc sibi persuaderet, sine certa re • Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi consilium descendisse? Suam sententiam in utramque partem esse tutam: si nihil esset durius, nullo cum periculo ad proximam legionem perventuros; si Gallia omnis cum Germanis • consentiret, unam esse in celeritate positam salutem. • Cottae quidem atque eorum, qui dissentirent, • consilium quem habere exitum? In quo si non praesens • periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames esset • timenda. • • Cottae… exitum = (He asked) what outcome the plan of Cotta would have; note the emphatic placement of Cotta and all opposed to Sabinus at the beginning of the clause; notice also how the infinitive is used in indirect statement as a rhetorical question longinqua here means prolonged obsidio, obsidionis (f) = seige fames, famis (f) = hunger/ starvation • • • Non hostem auctorem, here, Sabinus is refuting the final point made by Cotta subsum, subesse = to be under/ near magno esse Germanis dolori = double dative Arriovisti, remember that Ariovistus fled to Germany after his defeat in 58 BC (Book I, how he may have died however is unclear) contumelia, -ae = insult/ affront redigo, redigere, redegi, redactus = reduce/ bring under certa re = irrefutable proof durius = too unfortunate perventuros is masc. pl. and would here refer to Sabinus and the rest in the council and camp unam = only positam = placed/ depending on exitus, -us = ruin/ result/ outcome

• Gallic Wars V. 30 [30] Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum • a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur, • "Vincite, " inquit, "si ita vultis, " Sabinus, et id clariore • voce, ut magna pars militum exaudiret; "neque is sum, " inquit, "qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear: hi sapient; si gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem reposcent, qui, si per te liceat, perendino die • cum proximis hibernis coniuncti communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, non reiecti et relegati longe ab ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant. " • • disputatio, disputationis (f) = argument/ dispute clarus, -a, -um = clear/ loud exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus = overhear ut… exaudirent, the 15 -20 men council would have been held indoors, but apparantly soldiers were crowded around outside and listening Neque is sum = and I am not the one (introduces a relative clause of characteristic) hi refers to the soldiers gathered outside (perhaps Sabinus gestured towards the door as he said this) sapio, sapere, sapivi = be wise abs is an alternative form of ab reposco, reposcere = demand back/ claim/ require perendinus, -a, -um = after tomorrow relego, -are, -avi, -atus = banish intereo, interire, interivi, interiturus = perish/ die

Consurgitur = they stand up as a group comprehendunt utrumque = they grasp their hands/ they grasp the hands of each unum = one thing/ the same thing dissensio, dissensionis (f) = disagreement pertinacia, -ae = obstinancy/ stubbornness • perspicio, perspicere, perspexi, perspectus = look through/ examine/ inspect • ad mediam noctem; night was bad for deliberations, though sometimes necessary; in Rome, civil govt. always broke off deliberations at sunset, and did not resume until sunrise • Gallic Wars V. 31 [31] Consurgitur ex consilio; comprehendunt utrumque et orant, ne sua dissensione et pertinacia • rem in summum periculum deducant: facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum • omnes sentiant ac probent; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere. Res disputatione ad • mediam noctem perducitur. •

• dare manus = submit/ yield Tandem dat Cotta permotus manus: superat sententia • vigilia, -ae = wakefulness Sabini. Pronuntiatur prima luce ituros. Consumitur • sua = his own things/ possessions vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles circumspiceret, quid secum portare posset, quid ex • “quid secum”, thinking or wondering is implied before this instrumento hibernorum relinquere cogeretur. Omnia indirect statement excogitantur, quare nec sine periculo maneatur, et • excogito, -are, -avi, -atus = think languore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. Prima up/ contrive/ devise • omnia excogitantur = all things luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur, ut quibus esset are invented/ they invent all persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissimo sorts of reasons (emphasizes the nervousness of the soldiers) Ambiorige consilium datum, longissimo agmine • Notice the litotes maximisque impedimentis. • quare = for what reason/ why • nec = non here • ut quibus esset persuasum = as to • languor, languoris (m) = weariness whom it had been persuaded/ as • quare… languore… augeatur = those who had been convinced why they would remain (in that place)… (why) danger would be (esset persuasumm is subjunctive in increased, the solldiers imagine a relative clause of characteristic) that if they stayed they would be beseiged and forced to • sed… datum = but instead they set remain constantly on guard and be worn down, which might out like those to whom it had been have indeed happen as it will in Cicero’s camp later given

• hostes – the nom. pl. subj of Gallic Wars V. 32 many pl. verbs in this sentence is placed first, far [32] At hostes, posteaquam ex nocturno fremitu vigiliisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis from the verbs it governs, an example of hyperbaton insidiis bipertito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco • fremitus, -us = uproar a milibus passuum circiter duobus Romanorum • vigiliis – normally a camp adventum exspectabant, et cum se maior pars agminis would become quiet, but in magnam convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte tonight the enemy could tell that the Romans were eius vallis subito se ostenderunt novissimosque staying awake premere et primos prohibere ascensu atque • insidiae, -arum = ambush iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere • bipertito = in two parts coeperunt. • occultus, -a, -um = hidden • parte means end here; the Romans would • a = at a distance of • magnam here means deep have tried to escape either by going back they way they came or pushing ahead • convallis, -is (f) = narrow valley/ enclosed valley/ through the attacking Gauls ravine; the camp was • novissimos = the rear guards since the most probably near the modern recent recruits were placed at the back of city of Tongeren in eastern the column Belgium; ancient sources • iniquus, -a, -um = unfair/ unfavorable (with report that hills to the south were thickly forested, nostris in the dative) perfect for an ambush • primos = the soldiers in the front

• Gallic Wars V. 33 • [33] Tum demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset, trepidare et concursare cohortesque disponere, haec • tamen ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderentur; quod plerumque eis accidere consuevit, • qui in ipso negotio consilium capere coguntur. At • Cotta, qui cogitasset haec posse in itinere accidere • atque ob eam causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re communi saluti deerat et in appellandis • cohortandisque militibus imperatoris et in pugna militis officia praestabat. Cum propter longitudinem • agminis minus facile omnia per se obire et, quid quoque loco faciendum esset, providere possent, iusserunt pronuntiare, ut impedimenta relinquerent • atque in orbem consisterent. • • obeo, obire, obivi, obitus = go towards/ perform/ attend to quoque loco = in quoque loco iuseerunt pronuntiare = they ordered (everyone) to pass the word along orbis, orbis (m) = circle, a large hollow circle with high ranking officers and the wounded in the center; it was not a tactic the Romans normally used except when they thought they were going to be overwhelmed by the enemy • • • demum – finally/ at last qui… providisset – a relative clause with its verb in the subjunctive can express cause, “because he had provided” trepido, -are, -avi, -atus = to be upset concurso, -are, -avi, -atus = run this way and that/ run around dispono, disponere, disposui, dispositus = set out/ arrange/ deploy haec ipsa is substantive, these very things deficere here means fail, Sabinus was so disoriented that he lost his ability to command effectively At Cotta – This is the third time in a row Caesar begins with the subject (hyperbaton); c. f. the preceding two sentences (At hostes… Tum demum Titurius…); in telling the tragedy Caesar focuses on three main characters nulla… deerat = in no regard was lacking for the common welfare militis officia refers to the fact that Cotta personally took part in the fighting praestabat = fulfull/ discharge/ [erform per se = personally/ on their own/ by themselves

Square

• Quod consilium etsi in eiusmodi casu reprehendendum non est, tamen incommode accidit: nam et nostris militibus spem minuit et hostes ad pugnam alacriores • effecit, quod non sine summo timore et desperatione id factum videbatur. Praeterea accidit, quod fieri • necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima haberet, ab impedimentis petere atque arripere properaret, clamore et fletu omnia complerentur. • • non… desperatione, notice the litotes pareterea = besides/ in addition ut introduces a result clause with three different subjects with no connecting words to join the clauses (asyndeton) vulgus, -i (n) = crowd (n. b. the unusual gender). vulgo in the abl. is being used as an adv. , everywhere/ generally/ universally haberet = held in mind/ considered propero, -are, -avi, -atus = hurry fletus, -us = weeping

• proinde = consequently Gallic Wars V. 34 • omnia in victoria posita [34] At barbaris consilium non defuit. Nam duces (esse) – that there would be eorum tota acie pronuntiare iusserunt, ne quis ab loco no benefit for ordinary Gauls discederet: illorum esse praedam atque illis reservari from the battle unless the Romans were actually quaecumque Romani reliquissent: proinde omnia in defeated victoria posita existimarent. Erant et virtute et studio • par, paris = equal pugnandi pares; nostri, tametsi ab duce et a fortuna • Erant… pares – possibly deserebantur, tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute corrupted text since the ponebant, et quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab Romans were outnumbered, perhaps studio rather than ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. Qua re numero animadversa Ambiorix pronuntiari iubet, ut procul tela • tametsi = even though/ coniciant neu propius accedant et, quam in partem although Romani impetum fecerint, cedant (levitate armorum et • desero, deserere, deserui, cotidiana exercitatione nihil eis noceri posse), rursus se desertus = desert ad signa recipientes insequantur. • quotiens = as often as • cado, cadere, cecidi, casus = • levitas, levitatis (f) = lightness fall/ die/ yield (not to be • nihil is adverbial here = not at all/ in no way confused with caedo = kill) • posse in ind. state. becomes impersonal • pronuntiari = the word to be potest, it is possible passed • se… recipientes – standards remained fixes • neu = shortened version of neve, and not as cohorts advanced

praeceptum, -i = command/ order quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam = any velox, velocis = swift/ quick nudo, -are, -avi, -atus = lay bare/ expose • sin = but if; sin autem = but if on the other hand • nec… relinquebatur – no matter how brave the Romans were, staying in the circle offered them no chance to escape Gallic Wars V. 35 • [35] Quo praecepto ab eis diligentissime observato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque • impetum fecerat, hostes velocissime refugiebant. Interim eam partem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto tela recipi. Rursus cum in eum locum unde • erant egressi reverti coeperant, et ab eis qui cesserant et ab eis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur; sin • autem locum tenere vellent, nec virtuti locus relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitudine coniecta tela conferti vitare poterant.

conflicto, -are, -avi, -atus = strike/ harass T. Balventio is a dat. of reference, translated using a possessive primum pilum duxerat = had led the primus pilus, i. e. had commanded the first century of the first cohort; post Marius the “first spear centurion” led the “first spear cohort”; to be “first spear centurion” was to have the most senior rank amongst all centurions; tragula, -ae = spear (of the type that was used Balventius was no longer by the Gauls “first spear”; he was traicio, traicere, traieci, traiectus = throw probably evocatus, a soldier through/ throw across/ pierce whose enlistment was up subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventus = come but remained in service at to the aid of the request of his commander adhortor, -ari, -atus sum = encourage • femur, femoris (n) = thigh in adversum os = into his turned face funda, -ae = slingshot, metonymically here a stone throne from a slingshot Tamen tot incommodis conflictati, multis vulneribus • acceptis resistebant et magna parte diei consumpta, cum a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil • quod ipsis esset indignum committebant. Tum Tito Balventio, qui superiore anno primum pilum duxerat, • viro forti et magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula traicitur; Quintus Lucanius, eiusdem ordinis, fortissime pugnans, dum circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur; Lucius Cotta legatus omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans in adversum os funda vulneratur. • • •

interpres, interpretis (m) = Gallic Wars V. 36 interpreter • Cn. Pompeium – the man was [36] His rebus permotus Quintus Titurius, cum procul likely a Gallic client of Pompey the Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, Great since foreigners who were interpretem suum Gnaeum Pompeium ad eum mittit rewarded with citizenship took the praenomen and nomen of rogatum ut sibi militibusque parcat. Ille appellatus their patrons respondit: si velit secum colloqui, licere; sperare a • rogatum is a supine in the acc. multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem • parco, parcere, peperci, parsus (+ pertineat; ipsi vero nihil nocitum iri, inque eam rem sedat. ) = spare • Ille marks a change in subject from suam fidem interponere. Ille cum Cotta saucio to Ambiorix; soon later it communicat, si videatur, pugna ut excedant et cum Sabinus will mark a second shifty back to Ambiorige una colloquantur: sperare ab eo de sua ac Sabinus • a multitudine – n. b. that in chapt. militum salute impetrari posse. Cotta se ad armatum 27 Ambiorix claimed that he must hostem iturum negat atque in eo perseverat. have his people’s assent before making a deal; Ambiorix claims he • nihil nocitum ire = no harm would be done (an cannot control his own men ind. state. w/ fut. pass. inf. ) against their will • fidem interponere = to pledge one’s word • impetro, -are, -avi, -atus = • saucius, -a, -um = wounded accomplish/ bring to pass/ obtain (one’s request) • videatur in this context means to seem good/ • quod… pertinerat = that what advisable/ appropriate concerned the safety of the • in eo = in this (his refusal to go) soldiers could be contained • perservero, -are, -avi, -atus = persist/ persevere (subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic) •

• Gallic Wars V. 37 [37] Sabinus quos in praesentia tribunos militum circum se habebat et primorum ordinum centuriones • se sequi iubet et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, • iussus arma abicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem • faciant imperat. Interim, dum de condicionibus inter se agunt longiorque consulto ab Ambiorige instituitur • sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. • • • praesentia, -ae = presence; in praesentia = at that present time/ moment accessisset = ad + cedo abicere = ab + iacio imperatum, -i = what had been commanded/ an order condicio, condicionis (f) = condition (of surrender) inter se agunt = deal with each other consulto = by design/ deliberately instituo, instituere, instituim institutus = put in place/ establish longiorque… sermo is a hyperbaton agunt… interficitur – n. b. the shift to historical present at the climax on the action

ululatus, -us = howling remember the significance of “ordines perturbant” aquilifer, aquiliferi (m) = eagle-bearer magna multitudine – note tha bl. of manner rather than the abl. of agent intra = within ad unum = to a man se ipsi interficiunt – what the Romans considered an honorable way to die, • Because Labienus knew what happened to rather than be captured Sabinus and Cotta, he could act on better and tortured, as Caesar information, in contrast with Cicero who will describes happening in lack information just as Sabinus and Cotta had other situations • de rebus gestis = about what had happened • elabor, elabi, elapsus sum • According to Suetonius, after hearing about the = slip out/ escape disaster of Titurius, Caesar grew his hair out • Tum vero suo more victoriam conclamant atque ululatum tollunt impetuque in nostros facto ordines • perturbant. Ibi Lucius Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui se in castra recipiunt • unde erant egressi. Ex quibus Lucius Petrosidius aquilifer, cum magna multitudine hostium premeretur, • aquilam intra vallum proiecit; ipse pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. Illi aegre ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent; noctu ad unum omnes desperata salute se ipsi interficiunt. Pauci ex proelio • lapsi incertis itineribus per silvas ad Titum Labienum • legatum in hiberna perveniunt atque eum de rebus • gestis certiorem faciunt. long and did not cut it until he had gotten his revenge

• Gallic Wars V. 38 [38] Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum equitatu in Aduatucos, qui erant eius regno finitimi, • proficiscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit • peditatumque subsequi iubet. Re demonstrata Aduatucisque concitatis postero die in Nervios pervenit hortaturque, ne sui in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos pro eis quas acceperint iniuriis occasionem dimittant: interfectos esse legatos duos magnamque partem exercitus interisse • demonstrat; nihil esse negoti subito oppressam legionem quae cum Cicerone hiemet interfici; se ad • eam rem profitetur adiutorem. Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. • • • sublatus, from tollo tollere, here is metaphorical = cheered up/ excited posterus, -a, -um = following/ next in Nervios – the camp of Cicero was in the territory of the Nervii. Ambiorix had to get their support in order to beseige the camp successfully, so he carefully explains his reasoning, in contrast to his quick visit to the Aduatuci ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum = to get revenge eis… iniuriis is a hyperbaton within a hyperbaton (sui… demittant) negoti is a partitive genitive with nihil = nothing of a task profiteor, profiteri, professus sum = declare publicly/ confess/ volunteer adiutor, adiutoris (m) = helper/ assistant; adiutorem = as an assistant

Gallic Wars V. 39 [39] Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidumnos, qui omnes sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt cogunt et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant nondum ad eum fama de Tituri morte perlata. Huic quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnulli milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessissent, repentino equitum adventu interciperentur. His circumventis magna manu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod omnem spem hostes in celeritate ponebant atque hanc adepti victoriam in perpetuum se fore victores confidebant.

Gallic Wars V. 40 [40] Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone litterae magnis propositis praemiis, si pertulissent: obsessis omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. Noctu ex materia, quam munitionis causa comportaverant, turres admodum CXX excitantur incredibili celeritate; quae deesse operi videbantur, perficiuntur. Hostes postero die multo maioribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione, qua pridie, ab nostris resistitur. Hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. Nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur; non aegris, non vulneratis facultas quietis datur.

Quaecumque ad proximi diei oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparantur; multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium pilorum numerus instituitur; turres contabulantur, pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur.

Gallic Wars V. 41 [41] Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone habebant colloqui sese velle dicunt. Facta potestate eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat commemorant: omnem esse in armis Galliam; Germanos Rhenum transisse; Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari. Addunt etiam de Sabini morte: Ambiorigem ostentant fidei faciendae causa.

Errare eos dicunt, si quidquam ab his praesidi sperent, qui suis rebus diffidant; sese tamen hoc esse in Ciceronem populumque Romanum animo, ut nihil nisi hiberna recusent atque hanc inveterascere consuetudinem nolint: licere illis incolumibus per se ex hibernis discedere et quascumque in partes velint sine metu proficisci. Cicero ad haec unum modo respondit: non esse consuetudinem populi Romani accipere ab hoste armato condicionem: si ab armis discedere velint, se adiutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant; sperare pro eius iustitia, quae petierint, impetraturos.

• Gallic Wars V. 42 [42] Ab hac spe repulsi Nervii vallo pedum IX et fossa pedum XV hiberna cingunt. Haec et superiorum annorum consuetudine ab nobis cognoverant et, quos • clam de exercitu habebant captivos, ab eis docebantur; • sed nulla ferramentorum copia quae esset ad hunc • usum idonea, gladiis caespites circumcidere, manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire videbantur. Qua quidem • ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit: nam minus • horis tribus milium passum in circuitu III munitionem perfecerunt reliquisque diebus turres ad altitudinem • valli, falces testudinesque, quas idem captivi • docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt. • • “fossa pedum XV” refers to the width of the ditch, and is the same figure that Caesar himself used “haec est” is best translated “these things also” ferramentum, -i = tool idoneus, -a, -um + dat. = suitable [for] caespes, caespitis (m) = turf circumcido, circumcidere, circumcidi, circumcisus = cut around sagulum, -i = cloak exhaurio, exhaurire, exhausi, exhaustus = draw out/ empty/ remove curcuitus, -us = circuit/ circumferance turres = seige towers here falx, falcis (f) = scythe/ wall hook testudo, testudinis (f) = tortoise/ mobile shelter/ testudo manuever

• Gallic Wars V. 43 [43] Septimo oppugnationis die maximo coorto • vento ferventes fusili ex argilla glandes fundis et fervefacta iacula in casas, quae more Gallico • stramentis erant tectae, iacere coeperunt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehenderunt et venti magnitudine in omnem locum castrorum • distulerunt. Hostes maximo clamore sicuti • parta iam atque explorata victoria turres testudinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere • • coeperunt. • • fervens, ferventis = boiling/ seething/ burning fustilis, -e = softened/ liquid/ molten argilla, -ae = potter’s clay (may have been shaped and fired like pottery dishes, or may have been constructed from clay with ignited peat or coal) glans, gladis (m) = an acorn shaped bullet shot from a sling fervefactus, -a, -um = hot/ heated iaculum, -i = javelin casas = cabins or barracks that the soldiers were housed in in the winter camps stramentum, -i = straw The Nervii are the subject of coeperunt ignem comprehenderunt = caught fire distulerunt = to carry in different directions/ scatter sicuti = just as if pario, parere, peperi, partum = bring forth/ gain/ win exploro, -are, -avi, -atus = investigate scalae, -arum = ladders

At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi fuit, • ut, cum ubique flamma torrerentur maximaque telorum multitudine premerentur suaque omnia • impedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellegerent, non modo demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem • quisquam, ac tum omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. • • tanta modifies borth virtus and ea praesentia torreo, torrere, torrui, tostus = set on fire/ scorch conflafro, -are, -avi, atus = burn up/ be on fire non modo = not only demigro, -are, -avi, atus = move away/ leave behind/ abandon note that the subject nemo is postponed until the end for dramatic effect sed… quisquam = but hardly anyone even looked back

Hic dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit; sed tamen hunc • habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus numerus hostium • vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. • Paulum quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco • turri adacta et contingente vallum tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo, quo stabant, loco recesserunt • suosque omnes removerunt, nutu vocibusque hostes, si introire vellent, vocare coeperunt; quorum progredi • ausus est nemo. Tum ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis • deturbati, turrisque succensa est. • • • ut here can be translated “in a smuch as” constipo, -are, -avi, -atus = crowd closely together recessus, -us = going back/ departure/ withdrawal ultimi here are the ones in the back adigo, adigere, adegi, adactus = drive up/ push forward ex eo… loco is an example of hyperbaton nutus, -us = nod/ gesture introeo, introire, introivi, introitus = go into Notice again how nemo is the last word in the clause for emphasis (hyperbaton) lapis, lapidis (m) = stone deturbo, -are, -avi, -atus = force away/ dislodge succendo, succendere, succendi, succensus = set on fire/ burn

qui… appropinquarent = subjunctive in a relative clause of result, depending on fortissimi (the two men were so brave that they were regularly promoted) quinam, quaenam, quodnam = which antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatus = put in front/ prefer most editors think summis goes with locis simultas, simultatis (f) = animosity/ rivalry locum in this context will mean opportunity • laus, laudis (f) = praise • quem locum… virtutis = what opportunity for praise of your courage (some editors think “probandae” (of proving your courage)instead of “pro laude” • Gallic Wars V. 44 [44] Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, Titus Pullo et Lucius Vorenus. Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant, quinam anteferretur, omnibusque annis de locis summis simultatibus contendebant. Ex his Pullo, cum • acerrime ad munitiones pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas, " inquit, " Vorene? aut quem locum tuae probandae • virtutis exspectas ? hic dies de nostris controversiis iudicabit. " Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra • munitiones quaque pars hostium confertissima est visa irrumpit. Ne Vorenus quidem tum sese vallo continet, • sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur. • • quaeque = quae + que • sese… vallo continet = keeps himself within the stockade • existimatio, -onis (f) = opinion/ judgment

Mediocri spatio relicto Pullo pilum in hostes immittit atque unum ex multitudine procurrentem traicit; quo percusso et exanimato hunc scutis protegunt, in hostem tela universi coniciunt neque dant regrediendi facultatem. Transfigitur scutum Pulloni et verutum in balteo defigitur. Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium educere conanti dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt. • mediocri spatio relicto = space between Pullo and the Gauls, meaning Pullo threw his spear at close range • percutio, percutere, percussi, percussus = strike • exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus = knock unconscious • hunc refers to the Gaul whom Pullo had wounded • scutum, -i = shield • protego, protegere, protexi, protectus = protect/ cover • transfigo, transfigere, transfixi, transfictus = pierce through • verutum, -i = javelin/ short spear • balteus, -i = sword belt • defigo, defigere, defixi, defixus = stick firmly • vagina, -ae = sheath/ scabbard

• Succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et laboranti subvenit. Ad hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit: illum veruto arbitrantur occisum. Gladio • comminus rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto • reliquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in • locum deiectus inferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvento fert subsidium Pullo, atque ambo • incolumes compluribus interfectis summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in • contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque diiudicari • posset, uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur. • • alteri = one for the other (alter here serves two functions: it goes with alteri inimicus = the one hostile to the other, it also goes with auxilio salutique esset = the one was a help and • salvation for the other) • diiudico, -are, -avi, -atus = judge/ determine • • uter, utra, utrum = which one/ which [of the two] • anteferendus is agerundive = to be prefered/ preferable sucurro, sucurrere, succurri, succursus = run to help inimicus here is rival inimicus… laboranti – notice the synchesis comminus = in close quarters/ hand to hand insto, instare, institi +dat. = pursue/ press on locum… inferiorem is a dip or depression in the ground concido, concidere, concidi = fall down fortuna… utrumque versavit = fortune turned each around/ each suffered a reversal of fortune contentio, contentionis (f) = struggle/ rivalry verso, =are, -avi, -atus = turn around/ handle/ deal with; (in passive) be involved with/ engaged; (do not conflate with verto, vertere)

• quanto is correlative with Gallic Wars V. 45 tanto = by how much… by so [45] Quanto erat in dies gravior atque asperior oppugnatio, et much (“The heavier and the maxime quod magna parte militum confecta vulneribus res more violent the assault… the more frequently…) ad paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores • in dies = day by day/ litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur; quorum pars everyday deprehensa in conspectu nostrorum militum cruciatu • asper, aspera, asperum = harsh necabatur. Erat unus intus Nervius nomine Vertico, loco • conficio, conficerem confeci, natus honesto, qui a prima obsidione ad Ciceronem confectus = complete/ wear perfugerat suamque ei fidem praestiterat. Hic servo spe out/ exhaust libertatis magnisque persuadet praemiis, ut litteras ad • defensor, defensoris (m) = defender Caesarem deferat. Has ille in iaculo illigatas effert et Gallus • creber, crebra, crebrum = inter Gallos sine ulla suspicione versatus ad Caesarem thick/ numerous/ frequent pervenit. Ab eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. • quorum pars – although • • • honestus, -a, -um = honored/ respected (indicating that Vertico, the Nervian was a nobleman) a prima obsidione = at the beginning of the seige perfugio, perfugere, perfugi = to flee for refuge (used when someone changes sides in a conflict) suam ei fidem praestiterat = had bebstowed on him his good • faith (had offered him his allegiance/ had joined the Roman side) • inligo, -are, -avi, -atus = tie inside/ fasten inside verso, =are, -avi, -atus = turn around/ handle/ deal with; (in • passive) be involved with/ engaged Caesar says that only some of the messengers were caught, it appears from what follows that none got through deprehendo, deprehendere, deprehendi, deprehensus = get hold of/ catch conspectus, -us = sight cruciatus, =us = torture

• Gallic Wars V. 46 [46] Caesar acceptis litteris hora circiter XI diei statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem • mittit, cuius hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum XXV; iubet media nocte legionem proficisci celeriterque ad se venire. Exit cum nuntio Crassus. Alterum ad Gaium • Fabium legatum mittit, ut in Atrebatium fines legionem • adducat, qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. Scribit Labieno, si rei publicae commodo facere posset, cum legione ad fines Nerviorum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitus, quod paulo aberat longius, non putat exspectandam; equites circiter quadringentos ex • proximis hibernis colligit. • The Bellovaci were a Belgic tribe whose territory lay between the Seine and Somme Rivers. M. Crassus was the son of the triumvir who served as Cawsar’s quastor when his brother Publius left Gaul cum nuntio – with [the arrival of] a messenger (with no delay) T. Labienus was Caesar’s most trusted lieutenant in the Gallic Wars. During the Civil Wars Labienus fought on Pompey’s side and died in battle against Caesar at Munda commodo = with convenience/ with advantage/ without detriment quadringentos – only a small number of cavalry were available since Caesar usually required the Gallic tribes to provide cavalry during the campaigning season and sent them hme during the winter.

Gallic Wars V. 47 [47] Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus de Crassi adventu certior factus eo die milia passuum XX procedit. Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque attribuit, quod ibi impedimenta exercitus, obsides civitatum, litteras publicas frumentumque omne quod eo tolerandae hiemis causa devexerat relinquebat. Fabius, ut imperatum erat, non ita multum moratus in itinere cum legione occurrit. • antecursor, antecursoris, (m) = advance guard • attribuo, attribuere, attribui, attributus = allot/ assign • obsides civitatum = hostages of the tribes • impedimenta – Caesar prudently stashes the army’s baggage at Samarobriva. Recall what happened with Sabinus. • litteras publicas were official papers – correspondences/ records/ plans • tolero, -are, -avi, -atus = bear/ endure • debeho, devehere, devexi, devectus = carry down/ bring to • non ita multum = not so much/ not very much/ hardly at all

Labienus interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, • cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent, • veritus, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectionem • fecisset, ut hostium impetum sustinere posset, praesertim quos recenti victoria efferri sciret, litteras • Caesari remittit, quanto cum periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset; rem gestam in Eburonibus perscribit; docet omnes equitatus peditatusque copias Treverorum tria milia passuum longe ab suis castris consedisse. • • interitus, -us = death caedes, caedis (f) = killing/ slaughter ad eum = against him fugam similem profectionem – if the Treveri saw Labienus making a hurried departure from his winter quarters, they might assume that he had decided to flee, and so might attack, believing the Romans were frightened and disorganized. efferri here means to be carroed away [by feelings] rem gestam in Eburones refers to the massacre of Sabinus’ army perscribo, perscribere, perscripsi, perscriptus = write out consido, considere, consedi, consessus = sit down/ settle/ pitch camp

opinio, opinionis (f) = belief/ expectation deiectus = having been thrown down/ disappointed (two legions, 7, 000 men would be greatly outnumbered by what Caesar claimed to have been 60, 000 Gauls) communis salutis = of common safety (the safety of the legions Caesar had with him AND the men being beseiged in Cicero’s camp) • unum communis salutis auxilium – notice the chiasmus • magnis itineribus = by great journeys/ by forced marches (used this back in Book I) • Gallic Wars V. 48 [48] Caesar consilio eius probato, etsi opinione trium • legionum deiectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. Venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit, quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in periculo res sit. Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis magnis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistolam deferat. • • epistola, -ae = a letter (this is an allusion to Greek; it is the Greek word for a letter; the letter will be written in Greek; he wants to discriminate between the letter itself and the word for letters used in the next sentence. )

Graecis litteris – the letter was in Latin, but written in Greek characters ammentum, -i = strap (the tragula was a spear with a leather strap attached to its shaft that enabled a soldier to throw it further and more accurately by puttinga spin on it as it was thrown) praecipio, praecipere, praecepi, praeceptus = order/ instuct casu = by chance turrim is an i stem noun using im rather than em in the acc. • adhaereo, adhaerere, adhaesitus = stick to • demo, demere, dempsi, demptus = take away/ remove • conventus, -us = assembly Hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta • epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur. Si adire non possit, monet ut tragulam cum epistola ad • amentum deligata intra munitionem castrorum abiciat. In litteris scribit se cum legionibus profectum celeriter adfore; hortatur ut pristinam virtutem retineat. Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum, tragulam mittit. Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit neque ab nostris biduo animadversa tertio die a quodam milite conspicitur, • dempta ad Ciceronem defertur. Ille perlectam in conventu militum recitat maximaque omnes laetitia • adficit. Tum fumi incendiorum procul videbantur; quae res omnem dubitationem adventus legionum expulit. • • perlectam… recitat = he reads it, having been read through, out loud (he reads it through to himself and then reads it out loud); Polyaenus, a Greek historian reported that the note stated “Caesar to Cicero, keep up your hope; expect help. ” • laetitia, -ae = happiness/ joy • fumus, -i = smoke • dubitatio, dubitationis (f) = hesitation/ doubt