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Running • More advanced motor skill than walking • There is a 50% phasing relationship between legs, just like walking. • Running constitutes a “flight phase” (period of flight, when neither foot is in contact with the ground)

Leg Actions Step 1: Minimal Flight. Running step short and flat footed. Leg stiff on recovery swing forward. Step 2: Crossover Swing. Long stride that results in knee of recovery leg flexing to a right angel. Lateral movements occur in leg action, legs swing out and in during recovery. Step 3: Direct Projection. Long Stride with the recover leg being tucked to swing in forward. During takeoff, leg propels directly backward. During touchdown the leg swings directly forward.

Arm Action Step 1: High or middle guard. Arms held up between waist and shoulder level. They move very minimal as legs stride forward and back. Step 2: Bilateral arm swing. Arm swing is coupled, they move forward and backward together. Step 3: Opposition, oblique. Arms move in opposition pattern, moving forward and backward with opposite leg, meaning one arm moves forward while the other moves backward. Arms however swing across chest or out to side, in a plane oblique to plane of movement. Step 4: Opposition, sagittal. Arms swing forward and back and stay in opposition pattern and nearly in the sagittal plane of movement.

Early Runner • Change in speed • Limited Range of Motion. • The rear leg does not extend fully as the child pushes off the ground. • Arms swing out to the side, wasting energy • Arms swing across the body rather than forward and back. To help out the balance • At least one limb is on the ground at all times • Elbows extend when arms swing back

Early Runner R a te L i m i te r s : Insufficient strength in each leg to propel oneself forward with great force. Once in the air, infants must catch themselves with one leg, therefore balance is a huge factor while shifting weight.

Proficient Runner • Increase in stride length, able to apply a greater force • Rear leg fully extended at push-off • Heel tucked close to buttocks and thigh swings forward with greater acceleration • Lateral leg movements eliminated • Foot strikes the ground heel first then the forefoot, or an approximately flat pattern • No out-toeing and narrow base of support. • Trunk rotation increases to allow for a longer stride and better arm-leg opposition. • Arms swing forward and back, with elbow at 90°

Late Runner • Late runners tend to not tuck their recovering leg as completely • Shorter stride lengths • Fewer number of strides • Speed of running declines.

Late Runner R a te L i m i te r s : May have ability to run, but not the desire Degenerative diseases (Osteoporosis) Muscular atrophy Hip, knee, ankle, shoulder surgeries and/or replacements

Biographies Early runner -Josh, 8 years old -Plays soccer, likes to Skateboard Proficient Runner -Joel, 21 years old -Likes to workout, plays badminton, loves the Vancouver Canucks Lat e Runner -Randeep, 59 years old -Plays soccer, kabaddi, field hockey

WORKSHEET A – Motor Skills – Developmental Sequences & Steps Motor Skill Characteristics Development al Sequence – Action (or Phases) Basic Steps (or Elements) Additional Elements Effort: How the body moves (e. g. Discrete? Continuous? Sequential? Non-sequential? ) Relationships: To others and to equipment (e. g. Open? Closed? ) Continuous Open Full Body -Knee -Hip Continuous Open Full Body -Shoulder -Elbow Body Awareness: Space Awareness: What parts of the Where the body moves Minimal flight Leg action Crossover swing Direct projection High or middle guard Bilateral arm swing Arm action Opposition, oblique Opposition, sagittal

WORKSHEET B – Observing the Movement Phases Worksheet (adapted from Version 0. 3. 2008 © Coaching Association of Canada) Column 1 Developmental Sequence (or Phases) Basic Steps (or Elements) Allowing me to observe This sequence (or phase) these key performance Check which step they is best observed from … factors … are in … Minimal flight E Sagittal Plane Crossover swing E, P Frontal Plane Direct projection P, L Sagittal Plane High or middle guard Sagittal Plane Bilateral arm swing Sagittal Plane Opposition, oblique E, L Frontal Plane Opposition, sagittal P, L Frontal Plane Leg action Arm action Column 2 Column 3 Which enables the subject to … -See Flight phase properly -View full extension of hind leg -Observe Landing (I. e. Flat footed or not) -View where they are proficient and where improvements can be made -Observation of bilateral movement of arms -See if elbow is being flexed at 90 degrees -Determine if energy is being wasted in upper body movements

Early Runner (Video F ro n t a l V i e w S agit t al V iew

Early Runner (Analysis) Our runner has a long stride, and his knee flexes to a 90 angle He is producing lateral leg movements He runs with a flat footed step His push off leg does not fully extend He extends his forearm when swinging his arms He swings his arms outwardly in an oblique plane Leg Action = Not fully step 2 therefore Step 1. 5 Arm Action = Step 3

Early Runner (Improvements) Reduce Lateral movements Do not extend arm at the elbow when swinging backwards Land on mid/front foot instead of flat footed

Proficient Runner F ro n t a l V i e w S agit t al V iew

Proficient Runner (Analysis) His stride is long, His recovery leg tucks close to 90 to swing forward His legs project directly backward on takeoff swinging directly forward for touchdown His arms swing forward and back in the opposition pattern and stay nearly in the sagittal plane of movement His arms come close to swinging across his chest Leg Action = Step 2. 5 Arm Action = Step 4

Proficient Runner (Improvements) Tuck the foot up closer to the buttocks to generate more force when striking out for the next step Try to not let arms (when swinging) get too close to the center of the chest

Late Runner • Frontal View • Sagittal View

Late Runner (Analysis) He swung his arms at close to 90 degrees His hind leg is fully extended His arms do not cross the centre of his chest No oblique plane movements of the arms (Direct Projection) Leg Action= Stage 3 Arm Action= Stage 3. 5 (Arm does not fully make it to 90 degree flexion)

Late Runner (Improvements) He could flex his arm to 90 degrees He could tuck his arms towards his torso more

References: - Haywood, K. M. , & Getchell, N. (2009). Life span motor development (5 th ed. ). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. - Martijie. “I'm gonna run to you. . . ”. July 27 2011. Online Image. Flickr. February 24 2012. http: //www. flickr. com/photos/marciaorl/6001598923/ - Archie Trulijo. “Running”. May 21 2011. Online Image. Flickr. February 24 2012. http: //www. flickr. com/photos/converging/5744485713/ - Leandro Mise. “ 10 km”. April 27 2008. Online Image. Flickr. February 24 2012. http: //www. flickr. com/photos/leandromise/2459815485/