FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt Rikshospitalet 1 Table 1

FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 1

Table 1 Content of air Volume %, equal to k. Pa if the barometric pressure is 100 k. Pa. nitrogen oxygen argon carbon dioxide water vapor FYS 4250 dry 78. 1 20. 9 0. 04 0 saturated 37 o. C 73. 4 19. 6 0. 8 0. 04 6. 3 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 2

Figure 1 Airways with larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoles FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 3

Figure 2 Lung volume parameters Equation 1 FYS 4250 Compliance C = ΔV / ΔP [L/Pa, L/cm. H 2 O] Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 4

Equation 2 Poiseuille FYS 4250 [Pa/m 3/s = pressure / flow rate] Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 5

Figure 4 Flow lines with local hindrance and a back eddy (non-laminar zone) turbulence FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 6

Figure 5 PV-diagram for a closed volume PV=n. RT FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 7

Gas properties Tc [o. C] Helium (He) Nitrogen (N 2) Argon (Ar) Oxygen (O 2) Carbon dioxide (CO 2) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Water (H 2 O) FYS 4250 268 147 122 119 31 36, 5 374 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet Pc [bar] 2, 4 33, 6 49 50, 3 73 72 218 Tb [o. C] 269 196 183 * * 100 8

Figure 6 Laplace cylinder model P=T/r FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 9

Figure 7 Left: dry gas mixture, right: after insertion of a water filled dish FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 10

gas/blood [L/L] gas/oil [L/L] Nitrous oxide Halotane 0. 5 2. 3 1. 4 224 Enflurane Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane 1. 8 1. 4 0. 6 96 91 19 53 12 0. 02 65 Ether Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen FYS 4250 Table 3 Solubility of gases in blood and oil at 37 o. C 0. 8 0. 015 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 11

Figure 8 Laryngoscope and tube insertion. FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 12

Figure 9 One-way small portable resuscitation system FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 13

Figure 10 Rebreathing circle with one-directional valves 1 and 2 FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 14

Figure 11 Sidestream sampling to a multigas analyzer FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 15

Figure 12 Mainstream sampling FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 16

medium variables Measuring principle time const comments 1 a Spectrophotometric gas CO 2, H 2 O, agent vapors 0. 1 s capnography included 1 b Spectrophotometric puls oximetry blood O 2 1 10 s also in vitro cuvette oximetry and in blood gas analyzers 2 a Paramagnetic, contin. gas O 2 10 s sample gas unchanged 2 b Paramagnetisk, pulsed gas O 2 0. 2 s sample gas changed 3 a El. chem. fuel cell, membrane covered gas or liquid O 2 30 s limited lifetime, drifts and frequent calibration, single use 3 b El. chem. polarographic membrane covered (Clark) gas or liquid O 2 0. 1 20 s membrane & el. lyte change and reuse, used in blood gas machine 3 c El. chem. membrane covered (Severinghaus) gas or liquid CO 2 30 s used in blood gas machine 3 d El. chem. and ion FYSp. H 4250 selective electrodes liquid p. H Fysisk institutt 10 s - Rikshospitalet used in blood gas machine Na, K etc Table 4 Three measuring principles 17

Figure 13 IR absorption spectra for some anaesthetic agent vapours. Datex Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corporation FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 18

Figure 14 Multigas spectrophotometric gas analyzer with rotating filter wheel FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 19

Table 5 Magnetic molar susceptibility m of respiratory gases. SI unit: [m 3/mol], but according to customary practice, cgs units are used and given here as -6 3 m/10 cm mol-1 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics). gas oxygen O 2 m m relative +3449 +100 12 0. 35 +1461 +42 nitrous oxide N 2 O 18. 9 0. 55 nitrogen dioxide NO 2 +150 +4. 3 water vapour H 2 O 13. 1 0. 38 21 0, 61 nitrogen N 2 nitric oxide NO carbon dioxide CO 2 FYS 4250 argon Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 19. 3 0. 56 20

Figure 15 Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. The construction is enclosed in a tight box with inlet and outlet for the gas to be examined, the reference gas is enclosed in the two spheres. FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 21

Figure 16 Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer using pulsed magnetic field. Gray lines are tubes. FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 22

Figure 17 Closed variable volume FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 23

Figure 18 Pressure sensors. Left: piezoelectric transducer with an optional dome to be positioned so as to form a closed volume above the membrane. Right: optical transducer FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 24

Rotameter, gas flow sensor FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 25

Figure 19 Hot wire flow meter with two termistors, cross section shown to the right FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 26

Figure 20 Vane flow sensor in a tube, cross section shown to the right FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 27

Figure 21 Pitot flow sensor in a tube, cross section shown to the right FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 28

Figure 22 Poiseuille gas flow sensor (pneumotachometer) FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 29

Figure 23 Servocontrolled ventilator shown in the inspiration cycle FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 30

Figure 24 Compression loss model FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 31

Figure 25 Anaesthesia machine FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 32

Figure 26 Spirometer, watersealed FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 33

Spirometer, electronic FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 34

Figure 27 Whole body plethysmograph FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 35

Figure 28 Hyperbar chambers FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 36

Fig. 29 Venturi suction system FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 37

Figure 30 Vacuum pressure as a function of static suction flow FYS 4250 Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet 38

Equation Bernoulli Ps + ½ v 2 + gh = constant Ps = static (v=0) pressure [Pa]. = density [kg/m 3]. v = velocity [m/s]. g = acceleration due to gravity [m/s 2]. h = height difference [m]. Validity range: Laminar flow, any geometry, valid at any point along a line of flow, gases or liquids, no frictional (viscous) losses. Actually the Bernoulli equation is about the conservation of energy along a flow line, but it is usually given as here in terms not of energy, but pressure. Fysisk institutt - Rikshospitalet FYS 4250 39