Future Trends in ShortHaul Air Transportation Rajkumar S

Future Trends in Short-Haul Air Transportation Rajkumar S. Pant Aerospace Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Presentation Outline Q Q Q Q Introduction Civil V/STOL Market Needs V/STOL Aircraft Concepts V-22 Osprey Program Technology Needs for Advanced Rotorcrafts Infrastructure Needs Vertiports Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

What is Short-Haul Air Transportation ? Q Air travel over stage lengths 400 NM (644 Km) Q Various modes l Q Major challenges l l Q Trains, Automobiles, buses, ships, aircraft, rotorcraft Increasing congestion of roads, airports and air corridors Cost and environmental impediments in developing new airports Inability of ground systems to adjust to changing demand patterns Enormous capital cost for improving/extending ground systems Possible solution l Air systems with Vertical / Short Takeoff and Landing capability Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Pioneer VTOL Aircraft 1958 US Army/Bell XV-3 Convertiplane US Army/NASA/Bell XV-15 Tiltrotor 1972 Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Short-Haul Market Needs Unacceptable delays Q Infrastructure constraints Q l l Shortage of slots at busy airports Creation/Expansion of new airports not always possible § Prohibitive cost of land acquisition and development · · New hub airport like DFW would require 18, 000 acres of land Cost around $ 5 billion + terminal + handling + support costs § Tremendous public resistance · Q Large fraction of Short Haul traffic from hub airports l Q e. g. Narita in Tokyo, Gatwick in UK, Rewas-Mandhwa in Mumbai, …. > 60% of all flights travel < 435 NM (805 Km) and last 1 hour Time saving for business passengers l Requires reduction in total travel time § Reduced access time Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Unacceptable Delays Q Main reasons l l Hub & Spoke route structure Severe Congestion at major airports § No. of US airports with annual delay 20, 000 hrs · · Q 23 in 1991 (actual) costing $ 32 million 32 in 2002 (projected) Factors causing delay in US in 1993 Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

V/STOL Aircraft Concepts Compound helicopter Thrust vectoring Tiltwing Tiltrotor Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

T I L T R OT OR S Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Features of T iltrotors Highest potential of capturing Short-haul VTOL transport Q Major issues Q l Meeting attributes of commercial air market § § § l VTOL Reasonable speeds compared to current aircraft Pressurization and passenger amenities Acceptable safety levels High reliability Comparable Operating Costs Possibility of production at reasonable cost § Replacement for commuter/corporate aircraft/helicopters l Acceptance by Aviation Industry § ATC Authorities, Airport Administrators and local community Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

V-22 Osprey Program Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Transition from Helicopter to Aircraft Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Tiltrotor Control Mechanism Aircraft Mode Rotorcraft Mode Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

V-22 versus Helicopters Flight Envelope Range-payload Capability Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

European Tiltrotor studies EUROFAR Civil Tiltrotor Q Participating countries l l l Q France Germany U. K. Italy Spain (Aerospatiale) (MBB) (Westland) (Agusta & Aeritalia) (CASA) Studies related to l l l Technology Selection & Evaluation Preliminary Design Experimental activities on critical components & systems Certification and Airworthiness Market research & Economic evaluation Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Boeing/NASA/FAA/USDo. D study Q Conclusions of the study (1986 - 1991) l l CTR has large market potential in high density market CTR is superior to multi engine helicopters due to § Higher speed and range § Lower operating costs § Better community and passenger acceptance l CTR is competitive with fixed wing airplanes due to § Time saving and greater convenience Q Recommendations l l Establish commercial Tiltrotor transportation network Extend Tiltrotor technology to meet Civil needs Develop operational standards and Vertiport Terminal Instrument Procedures Modify ATS to exploit unique capabilities of Tiltrotor Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Challenges for Advanced Rotorcraft USER Comfort COMMUNITY Environmental Considerations Noise Safety TE C H N Economic Considerations O LO S S E Affordability IN G IC AL Dispatch Reliability AD E R OPERATOR Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Safety and Passenger Acceptance Q Safety l l l Q Meeting minimum standards not sufficient for a new system High cost of insurance Able to fly away or safely land in case of engine failure Passenger acceptance l Convenient schedules, which are met with minimum delays § Higher mechanical reliability & lower unscheduled maintenance § All Weather operation capability § Advanced Vehicle and Air Traffic Control systems l Comfort § Lower vibration and cabin noise levels Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Typical aircraft vibration levels Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Environmental factors and Cost Q Environmental factors l Noise, Emissions, Ground Transportation, Parking & land use § Community acceptance not ensured by meeting FAA/ICAO standards Q Initial and Operational Cost l Comparable to conventional aircraft § § Lower development and manufacturing cycle times Empty weight reduction Higher speeds for reducing block times Lower Production and Maintenance cost Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Operating costs of Tiltrotors Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

All weather operation Q Proper design of man-machine interface l l l Reducing pilot workload by appropriate control laws & displays Enhanced navigation and guidance information Automation of many control functions GPS & DGPS for accurate and reliable navigation in bad weather Low power De-Icing Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Specific Markets Served by Tiltrotors Corporate/Executive Q Public Service Q l Police, medical, border patrol, drug enforcement, SAR, Fire-fighting § All weather capability and IFR operations Q Resource Development l Transport of crew to offshore oil rigs § MTOW 40000 lbs. . Q Cargo/Express Package l Courier and Freight services § Inter-metropolitan routes, low ground time, late package pickup time Low Density Transport Q High Density Transport Q Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

CUMULATIVE REQUIREMENT Market Forecast for Tiltrotors Ref. : Clay et al. Civil Tiltrotor Missions and Applications; Summary Final Report, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, NASA CR 177452, 1987 Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Vertiports Current infrastructure centered on fixed-wing aircraft Q Advisory circular for Vertiport design Q § Setting up cost $ 5 million - $ 40 million (one tenth of airport) § Max. access time 30 minutes by road during peak hours § Located near the center of density of travelling public Q Three types of Vertiports § Urban · · 5 acres of land required approach and departure paths over water § Edge-of-city · · 20 acres of land required located above a highway, highway interchange or hub airports § Full-service remote · · facilities for fuelling and light maintenance mass transit /freeway access to high-density populated areas Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Urban Vertiports Atop a Building On the Sea Front Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Edge of City Vertiport Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Air Traffic Management of Tiltrotors Q General Issues l l l Enroute ATM requirements comparable to advanced turboprops Steeper approaches for noise abatement Horizontal attitude maintained during approach § Increased passenger comfort and pilot visibility Q FAA efforts in ATM of CTR l General Aviation Vertical Flight Program Office set up § Study of CTR operation between New York & Boston · CTR service will not interfere with conventional aircraft § Study the impact of CTR introduction in the Northwest corridor · CTR service will increase flexibility of air service without congestion § Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures being developed § IMC operations of rotary wing aircraft, using DGPS Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

PRIORITY (%) Inhibitors to Civil Tiltrotor Service Ref. : Schleicher & Alexander, Technology Development for Advanced Tiltrotor Transports Proceedings of AIAA Intl. Powered Lift conference, Santa Clara, CA, USA, Dec. 1993 Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Bell-Agusta BA 609 Civil Tiltrotor Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals

Thanks for your attention ! Any Questions ? ? Intensive CEP Course on Air Transportation for Working Professionals