Fusion Power Associates 40 TH ANNUAL MEETING CONFIDENTIAL

Fusion Power Associates 40 TH ANNUAL MEETING CONFIDENTIAL Fusion Energy: Perspectives and Planning Dec. 3 -4, 2019　Grand Hyatt　Washington Chief Fusioneer 　　Satoshi Konishi　　 © 2019 Kyoto Fusioneering Ltd. All Rights Reserved

What We will Provide Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Kyoto Fusioneering Ltd. was founded in 2019 to provide B 2 B technical assistance for fusion challengers. Private Fusion Developers are physics driven. However their investors expect clear and compelling demonstration - How fusion makes money? We can provide -blanket -reactor components -fuel cycle -Bo. P -reactor engineering -plant design -economic assessment -strategy planning…

Fusion Market Perspectives Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Carbon budget of post-Paris agreement age will run out after 2040, if majority of the countries would be honest. Carbon Removal is more critical than fossil fuels. While Clean electricity can be supplied various options, very few Alternative Fuel are known. Further, Carbon Isolation is more serious, precious Resource for future. . . Electricity may be sold, but cheap. Grid Parity/Stability, Alternative Fuel, and Ultimate Disposal of Carbon have stronger demands. Fusion may provide a solution for this issue.

Carbon Budget (by IEA) Fusion Power Associates 40 annual meeting 2019 th Carbon budget of post-Paris agrll run out after 2040, What we will run out is not fossil resource, but carbon Oil and coal canont budget. be sold not because of high price, but High penalty. CCS resource is more critical than fossil “Negative fuels. Carbon” will be Most precious energy resource Fusion can beyond 2040. provide alternative CCS technology

Value of the electricity (California duck) Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Fig. Change of electricity demand in a sunny day California Independent System Operator. CAISO) In the deregulated mark Price of electricity varies Due to large share of ren electricity market price d day time. Instability of grid (frequency change and outage) is Value of the electricity (even clean base Serious when load) can be negative. share of →Fusion Electricity may not recover Renewable investments!

Stranded Assets Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 “Divestment” from carbon to technology is happening. ・Fossil resources become “stranded” because they cannot be sold ・Many of the large scale long terminvestment (bond)in the world, particularly pension fund is highly dependent on fossil assets ・Value of the fossil assets drops under low carbon economy

Chemistry of biomass conversion Fusion Power Associates 40 16 MJ annual meeting 2019 External Heat，900℃ Biomass (1 kg) th 8. 2 MJ + H 2 O H 2, CO 24. 2 MJ Biomass gasification cellulose：（C 6 H 10 O 5）n/6+ n/6 H 2 O → n. H 2 + n. CO – 136 n [k. J] lignin: (CH 1. 4 O 0. 3)n + 0. 7 n. H 2 O → 1. 4 n. H 2　+ n. CO – 136 n[k. J] hydrogen Shift Reaction CO + H 2 O ⇔ H 2 + CO 2　+ 32 [k. J] 　 Fischer-Tropsch reaction 2 H 2 　+　CO 　→ 　-CH 2 - +　H 2 O +　160　[k. J] diesel(hydrocarbon) Carbon free oil 0. 5 liter 15. 6 MJ Carbon Neutral 8. 1 MJ Heat for generation

Why fuels? Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Market 3 times larger than electricity ・Carbon-free fuels required Substitute fewer than electricity source Automobile ・Future fuel use 　　－　Fuel cells , automobile 　　－　aircrafts, ships ・Grid parity/stability Dispersed electricity system 　　－　Cogeneration 　　－　Fuel cell, 　　－　micro gas turbine (could be other synthetic fuels) 　 Energy demand(GTOE) ・Competition in electricity market is tough Aircraft 25 20 15 Electricity Solid Fuel Liquid Fuel Gaseous Fuel 10 5 0 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 Year Example of Outlook of Global Energy 2100

Fusion Energy Balance Fusion Power Associates 40 Driver Energy P d th Fusion Energy Multiplication fusion energy Q= Pd Generation Efficiency η ~0. 33 annual meeting 2019 Biomass Blanket Chemical Output energy Net plant energy output(fuel) Conversion Efficiency η 2. 0~2. 7 ◯Large energy gain Q (>20) needed for DEMO because of poor generation efficiency. ○If fusion plant is used for fuel production, fusion energy is fully converted to output, adding to chemical energy from biomass. 　　required energy multiplication Q could be as

Relaxed Lawson criterion and efficiency η Fusion Power Associates 40 1022 Electricity generation Ｑ＝ 20， ηe＝ 0. 33 1021 ｎt DEMO ITER biofuel Ｑ＝５， Break-even ηｆ＝２．７ Ｑ＝１，η＝１ 1020 1019 1018 -0. 6 Negative power 1 10 100 Ｔ（ｋｅｖ） Fusion Target is easier By “Hybrid Effect”. th annual meeting 2019 ◯High Plasma Q not required ・Positive plant energy balance ・larger energy efficiency Net plant energy output 6 10 Practical energy generation Larger than electricity ◯Low Q plasma can be competitive ・possible marketing as oil fuel ・earlier introduction ・easier plasma requirements ○smaller plant→ 　Ｑ＞５，Ｒ<5 m is sufficient! 　　

Fusion-Biomass energy flow Fusion Power Associates 40 annual meeting 2019 th Grid Stability Start-up and driving FUSION Process heat “apparent” energy multiplication Gasification reactor Fuel Cell Local Electricity Residential heat Fuel Cell Grid Electricity H 2+CO BIOMASS Fischer Tropsch process Liquid Fuel

Biomass Hybrid fusion plant　 Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Biomass: 180 t/h IHX Pf 320 MW Rp=5. 2 m Liquid blanket cellulose：（C 6 H 10 O 5）n/6+ n/6 H 2 O → n. H 2 + n. CO – 136 n [k. J] Fischer-Tropsch reaction 2 H 2 　+　CO 　→ 　CH 2 - +　H 2 O +　160　 [k. J] Diesel: 90 kl/h ~760 MW eq. Pn ~0. 5 MW/m 2 Fusion reactor smaller than ITER with same physics Used for endo-thermic reaction for bio-fuel production Energy output larger than pure fusion.

Carbon negative energy system Fusion Power Associates 40 CO 2 th annual meeting 2019 1 GW electricity equivalent Solar energy photosynthesis Fusion 3 GW heat 440 M$/y assuming 5 cent/kwh Biomass Cellulose/lignin： C, H 2 O, H 2 (CH 1. 6 O 0. 6)n = n. C+0. 4 n. H 2+0. 6 n H 2 O-451 n k. J Charcoal Hydrogen fuel Carbon stored as solid charcoal at ambient temperature and pressure 2. 5 Mt/ycarbon=9. 3 Mt. CO 2/y Emission reduction credit 450 M$/y assuming 50$/ton. CO 2 →Fusion has unlimited market chance of “negative carbon” by abundant energy.

BECCS: biomass +CCS for CO 2 isolation Fusion Power Associates 40 th CO 2 absoption and sequestration by photosynthesis Energy supply annual meeting 2019 Regular CCS: Biomass combustion Followed by Charcoal storage Limited site, capacity and stability Unlimited site, From ：Mollersten, Biomass and Bioenergy 25(2003)273 -285 Capacity

Sustainable world with fusion-biomass　 Fusion Power Associates 40 irrigation Desalination of Sea water heat Fusion plant Grid parity Electricity And stabilization Electricity In future grid th annual meeting 2019 forests Restoration of Environment, Forest and farmland Woody biomass farm waste： CO 2 biomass absorption heat (Cx. Hy. Oz)n Atmosphere CO 2 waste Capture and reduction 熱 charcoal Carbon gasification sequestration PV Returning the carbon from air to coal mines. FC Bio-fuels

Blanket neutronics Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 >>　Monte Carlo neutron transport code, MCNP-5. 14 >>　FENDL-2. 1 >>　Toroidal (y-axis) – 48 cm >>　Poloidal (z-axis)– 166 cm →Armor・first wall・configuration of modules are considered・ >>　1 st wall（F 82 H・Si. C） >>　coolants（water・He） >>　natural Li. Pb +Be, enriched Li. Pb Investigated a possibility of Li. Pb without enrichment.

neutronics experiment 　 Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 blanket assembly and small neutron source for transport measurement for actual measurement of tritium self sufficiency Neutron IP PE Entron Li. Pb Source Pb 1× 109 1× 108 2× 107 3× 106 4× 105 PE PE source 3 He detector y NS PE 鉛 鉛 鉛 PE PE z C Boronized PE y Borate water x

Cost analysis of energy plant Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Fusion electricity by fuel cells FT plant case, PCD is supplied by 100 mills/k. Wh FCs Turbine Oil For smaller reactor, Fuel cell is more efficient

Energy utilization study Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Li. Pb-Si. C heat exchanger development • High temperature heat exchanger made of ceramics desired. • Hydrogen production needs special isolation between primary and secondary coolants. heate Expansi →IHX transfers heat but prevent r Si. C on tub. T T Test ９ ０ tank tritium permeation between e sectio ０℃ T n 2 primary Li. Pb or He and secondary. IHX ＥＭＰ Si. C compact IHX test model. T economiz T ７００℃ P coole er F r T module heat ９００℃ ７００℃P T er T Test vessel T Test sectio Primary loop n 3 Dump n 1 Secondary loop tank ～ Gas 200℃ Chromat o-graph GC F M hygr ome Zr ter SB GC

Extraction of tritium from liquid metal Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Tritium extraction from Li. Pb by vacuum sieve tray is developed.

Material compatibility assessment Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Li. Pb/Si. C/RAFM Compatibility study Electric Motor Thermocouple Mo Support bar Electric Furnace Specimen Liquid Li. Pb or Na Mo Crucible Mo TC protection tube Mo Support bar guide

ay Modelling of Fuel System for self sufficiency Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 （described with Stella） [D-D]× 0. 5 [D-T] [D-D]×TBRDD Plasma/VV Exchange Reaction, [D-T]×TBRDT Accumulate and saturate Np (tp=20 s) Decay & Leak Fuel clean up Nex (tfu=1200 s) Fueling & Storage Nfu (tis=1800 s) Dead inventory Nbk D Decay & Leak Dead inventory Breeding Blanket Dead inventory (tfs=1800 s) Decay & Leak (tbk=1. 73 × 105) Accumulate continuously, (Same as decay) Decay Return from Decay & Leak 2 ndary loops Isotope separation Dead inventory system Nis

Conclusion Fusion Power Associates 40 th annual meeting 2019 Kyoto Fusioneering assists fusion challengers through engineering solutions for the energy demonstration. We provide not only device or design, but integrated consultation to assist efficient power demonstration. Through the development, transfer of skills and experience from senior to young generation is intended. Open Innovation by the combination of various industry and research facilities (some reused) are expected. Kyoto Fusioneering proposes fusion technology options responding to future energy/environmental needs.