Further early imperial expansion defined by tension Shaped

Further early imperial expansion defined by tension Shaped by: developing humanitarianism evangelical critique of both self and other and also commercial interests geopolitical concerns

Non-conformity in Britain/Empire technically anyone whose beliefs did not ‘fit’ or dissented from Cof. E but 10 Protestant sects → i. e. Puritans, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists, and influenced evangelicals in the Cof. E (like Wm. Wilberforce) → barred from worshipping in towns, holding office, attending elite schools, buying military commissions, socially ‘outcaste’…. in the earlymodern era, many left for the New World → by the 19 C making their own – technical schools, production and trade, and significant voice for change in civil society → ‘the’ big industrialists: Wedgewood, Clark’s, Fry’s, Cadbury’s, Rowntree’s → came to define British morality, and the middling classes

Rethinking slaving Evangelicals and reform political outsiders industrialists linked (1 st policy groups) imperative to act of faith and change this world Clapham Sect 2. Legal reform Lord Mansfield - Somerset Case (1772) habeus corpus case of the ‘Zong’ (1781) 3. Parliament 1807 ban on importation of slaves 1833 Slavery Abolition Act 1.

Intellectual currents: humanitarianism • mentalité • moral responsibilities: sincere cynicism [Charles Dickens] historical analysis? • what form did this take? agitation against slaving q. British rule in India support for missions

And in India: 18 C excess Robert Lord Clive c. 1764 Elihu Yale Mary Impey and family c. 1783– 4

Attitudes reflect changes in British domestic society:

British Rule liberalism, progress looting, pillaging – official and unofficial EIC keeping missionaries out • moral responsibility necessary suttee or sati watch use of terms such as: ‘heathen’ Bishop Fanshawe Middleton Bishop’s College Calcutta (1820)

German Empire late (late 19 C vs. 16 C or 18 C) • small settler population; commercial bodies and the military • identity > land acquisition or commodification • short lived •

The Propaganda

Reality • fathers of WWII military leaders served here • 2015 fighting to have recognized as a genocide – 90%

Conclusions: history and culture, race, and nation layered onto • gender and citizenship as we’ll see Thursday • specific material circumstances •