Fungi Basics Heterotrophs No photosynthesis Fungi Basics Heterotrophs

Fungi Basics • Heterotrophs – No photosynthesis

Fungi Basics • Heterotrophs – No photosynthesis – enzymes absorb nutrients

Fungi Basics • Heterotrophs – No photosynthesis – enzymes absorb nutrients • Cell wall made of chitin (polysaccharide) Insect exoskeletons made of chitin as well

Fungi Basics • Heterotrophs – No photosynthesis – enzymes absorb nutrients • Cell wall made of chitin (polysaccharide) • Reproduction: Sexual & Asexual Fruiting Body produces spores

Fungi Basics • Heterotrophs – No photosynthesis – enzymes absorb nutrients • Cell wall made of chitin (polysaccharide) • Reproduction: Sexual & Asexual • Evolved from fungus-like protista

Fungi Structure • Spores land on ground • Hyphae grow from spore – Release enzymes to digest food – Absorb nutrients • Mycelium accumulates – Body of the fungus – Large mass of hyphae • Fruiting body appears – reproductive structure – creates spores by meiosis – Fungi classified based on differing fruiting bodies

Fungi Structure • Spores land on ground • Hyphae grow from spore – Release enzymes to digest food – Absorb nutrients • Mycelium accumulates – Body of the fungus – Large mass of hyphae • Fruiting body appears – reproductive structure – creates spores by meiosis – Fungi classified based on differing fruiting bodies Hyphae Fruiting body Spore producing structure Mycelium

Asexual Reproduction • Asexual – Fruiting body release haploid spores – Haploid mat of mycelium grows – Haploid fruiting body creates haploid spores – Spores released – Cycle repeats

Bread Molds • Decompose dead matter • Can reproduce sexually or asexually • Ecological importance: Mycorrhizae – Mutualistic with plant roots; Provide decomposed nutrients to plant

Bread Molds Hyphae of fungus A • Sexual – Haploid spores from two different fungi lands Hyphae of fungus B – Spores grows into haploid mycelium – Haploid hyphae fuse together creating a diploid zygospore – Zygospore grows into diploid mycelium – Haploid spores created inside sporangia by meiosis . . sporangium

Club Fungi • Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi • Fruiting body – Club shaped – Haploid spores produced by meiosis – Spores housed inside “basidia” Mushrooms Shelf fungi Club Puffballs ground

Here is a typical mushroom… Notice These thehaploid “gills” underneath. spores are created These folds by contain meiosis millions ofit spores. into Lets thezoom wind. in… letsand flipreleased upside-down

Haploid spore from fungus A will land…. Haploid spore from fungus B will land Haploid mycelium grows underground from each spore Two haploid hyphae fuse together… creating a diploid mycelium Fruiting body grows from the mass Haploid spores created (meiosis) & released from the basidia . . . ground

Sac Fungi • Yeast, morels, truffles • Some produce antibiotics • Fruiting body – resembles a sac – Spores housed inside “asci” Truffle Yeast Penicillium fungi ground Morel

Here is a typical sac fungi… lets look at Here Meiosis are created the asci these that hold spores the and spores. . . the wind Lets zoom in to the inside of the sac… a drawing instead zoom helps to into disperse one ascus them as it releases the spores

Haploid spores from two fungi will land Haploid mycelium grows underground from each spore Two haploid hyphae fuse together… creating a diploid mycelium Fruiting body grows from the mass Haploid spores created (meiosis) & released from the asci . . ground

Lichens • Often pioneer species (grow on rock) • Example of two organisms living in mutualism – #1: Fungus – #2: Algae • Mutualism: Both benefit – Fungus: obtains nutrients from the algae – Algae: grows among the hyphae of the fungus; gets water