Fundamentals The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation
Fundamentals The chemical equations below summarize the fermentation of sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11) into ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH). Alcoholic fermentation converts one mole of sucrose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide. The overall chemical formula for alcoholic fermentation is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + Zymase → 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 Sucrose is a dimer of glucose and fructose molecules. In the first step of alcoholic fermentation, the enzyme invertase cleaves the glycosidic linkage between the glucose and fructose molecules. C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O + invertase → 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Wikipedia
Ζαχαρότευτλο (sugar beet) Wikipedia
Sugar Production & Co-products (Greek Sugar Industry) Equi-Agry: efficiency and equity trade off in European agroenergy districts Foggia, June-July 2014
Sugar Beet Pulp (SBP) Direct Bioconversion Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) to Bioethanol By Fusarium oxysporum, strain F 4
Component Cellulose Chemical composition (%) 24. 6± 0. 4 Hemicellulose 27. 9± 0. 3 Lignin 2. 6± 0. 2 Ash 3. 5± 0. 2 Crude fibres 23. 5± 0. 2 Fat 1. 5± 0. 3 Total insoluble sugars 65. 0± 0. 5 Total pectines 10. 5± 0. 3 Total proteins (N 2 x 6. 25) 9. 6± 0. 2 SBP Chemical composition of untreated sugar beet pulp (SBP) in % dry weight basis (Average of 4 replications ±SD) Moisture content = 10% Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
SBP BIOCONVERSION – THE SSF PROCESS SBP C-source Sterilization Medium Aerobic phase Anaerobic phase Fungus Ethanol Solid Residue Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
MATERIALS & METHODS • Substrate Oven dried sugar beet pulp from Greek Sugar Industry Milled to pass through 1 mm sieve To compare: sucrose, glucose, cellobiose, xylose Aerobic phase C-source: Cellulose 123 Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
MATERIALS & METHODS • Direct Fermentation (in 2 phases) Fungus: Fusarium oxysporum strain F 4 Shaking flasks (150 rpm), 30 o. C C-source for aerobic phase: Cellulose 123 C-source for anaerobic phase: SBP presterilized at 120 o. C for 30 min Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
SUGAR BEET PULP BIOCONVERSION RESULTS
RESULTS Determination of p. H optimum combination in aerobic and anaerobic culture of Fusarium oxysporum, max. ethanol production (g/L) and max. ethanol yield as % of theoretical value. (Average of 3 replications) p. H Ethanol yield % of theoretical Ethanol yield g ethanol/100 g sugar beet pulp Aerobic culture Anaerobic culture Max. ethanol production (g/L) 4 4 5 6 7 1. 40 1. 70 2. 10 1. 80 7. 75 9. 42 11. 63 9. 97 2. 33 2. 83 3. 50 3. 00 5 4 5 6 7 3. 10 6. 65 7. 85 4. 70 17. 17 36. 83 43. 49 26. 03 5. 16 11. 08 13. 08 7. 83 6 4 5 6 7 3. 20 6. 75 8. 50 5. 30 17. 72 37. 38 47. 07 29. 35 5. 33 11. 25 14. 16 8. 83 7 4 5 6 7 1. 30 4. 70 5. 10 4, 35 7. 20 26. 03 28. 25 24. 09 2. 16 7. 83 8. 50 7. 25 Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
RESULTS Overall results of the culture of Fusarium oxysporum F 4 strain on different substrates, the max. values of ethanol produced (g/L) and the max. yield as % of theoretical value, as well as reference data of the culture of the F 3 strain Substrates of Fusarium oxysporum F 4 culture Max. ethanol produced (g/L)** Max. yield as % of theoretical (%)** Reference data Ethanol yield g with Fusarium ethanol/100 g oxysporum sugar beet F 3*** pulp* Glucose* 12. 6 82. 35 80. 2 Xylose * 8. 5 55, 55 48. 0 Cellobiose * 13. 3 79. 02 82. 7 Cellulose 123 * 11. 7 69. 52 89. 2 Sugar beet pulp (6% w/v) 8. 5 47. 07 Sugar beet pulp (10% w/v) 13. 1 43. 52 14. 16 13. 10 * 3% w/v, ** Average of 3 replications, ***2% w/v Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
CONCLUDING REMARKS • It is possible to convert SBP to bioethanol with a minimal pretreatment • Ethanol concentration varies 8, 5 -13 g/L from 6 -10 % (w/v) SBP suspensions • Almost 50% of theoretical ethanol yield is achieved • > 14 g bioethanol/100 g dry SBP is produced • Cellulose and hemicellulose are both fermented – NB: leveloff phenomenon • Further research is necessary on the processing and biochemical system (complexity) ACTUALLY BIOREFINING! SUGAR PRODUCTION + ETHANOL PRODUCTION Δ. Οικονόμου et al. , “Παραγωγή αιθανόλης από ζαχαρόπιτα με το μύκητα Fusarium οχysporum”, ΑΓΡΟΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, 29(2), 2007
LHC EXAMPLE: STRAW
Role of SSA 272 Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 1991, vol. 13, March
Size-SSA-Crystallinity 272 Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 1991, vol. 13, March
Role of Crystallinity/order 272 Enzyme Microb. Technol. , 1991, vol. 13, March
Effect of lignin - Ethanol Bioresource Technology 35 (1991) 297 -300
Effect of lignin - Sugars Bioresource Technology 35 (1991) 297 -300
SUGAR CROP – CELLULOSIC: SWEET SORGHUM
Wikipedia
Et. OH from Sweet sorghum Process Biochemistry Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 377 -381, 1996
SS fractionation (juice-cake)
Why fractionate SS? • Juice fermented in 1, 5 d – very rich in sucrose – good yields and Et. OH conc. • Smaller fermentors etc. for cake (better dimensioning – saving money and resources) • Minimizing inhibitions, accidental damages, etc. • Improved overall yields
Ethanol from juice Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 9%103, 1995
Ethanol from cake Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 9%103, 1995
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