Fundamentals of Database Systems Fourth Edition El Masri

Fundamentals of Database Systems Fourth Edition El Masri & Navathe Chapter 8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries Ihr Logo

http: //mohammedshbier. wordpress. com Your Logo

Definition SQL commonly expanded as Structured Query Language, is a computer language designed for : 1. 2. 3. Retrieval and management of data in relational database management systems. Database schema creation and modification Database object access control management. Although SQL is both an ANSI and an ISO standard, many database products support SQL with proprietary extensions to the standard language. Queries take the form of a command language that lets you select, insert, update, find out the location of data, and so forth. 3 Your Logo

SQL: CREATE TABLE • Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of its attributes and their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT, DECIMAL(i, j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)). • A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute. CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT ( DNAME VARCHAR 2(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9) ); 4 Your Logo

SQL: CREATE TABLE (Cont. ) • In SQL 2, can use the CREATE TABLE command for specifying the primary key attributes, secondary keys, and referential integrity constraints (foreign keys). • Key attributes can be specified via the PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE phrases CREATE TABLE DEPT ( DNAME VARCHAR 2(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER), UNIQUE (DNAME), FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP (SSN ); 5 Your Logo

SQL: DROP TABLE • • Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or any other commands since its description no longer exists Example: DROP TABLE DEPENDENT; 6 Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE • • 7 The ALTER TABLE command allows you to add, modify, or drop a column from an existing table The new attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the relation right after the command is executed; hence, the NOT NULL constraint is not allowed for such an attribute Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE (Cont. ) Adding column(s) to a table Syntax #1 • To add a column to an existing table, the ALTER TABLE syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column-definition; • For example: ALTER TABLE supplier ADD supplier_name varchar 2(50); This will add a column called supplier_name to the supplier table. 8 Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE (Cont. ) Syntax #2 To add multiple columns to an existing table, the ALTER TABLE syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD ( column_1 column-definition, column_2 column-definition, . . . column_n column_definition ); For example: ALTER TABLE supplier ADD ( supplier_name varchar 2(50), city varchar 2(45) ); This will add two columns (supplier_name and city) to the supplier table. 9 Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE (Cont. ) Modifying column(s) in a table Syntax #1 • To modify a column in an existing table, the ALTER TABLE syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_type; • For example: ALTER TABLE supplier MODIFY supplier_name varchar 2(100) not null; This will modify the column called supplier_name to be a data type of varchar 2(100) and force the column to not allow null values. 10 Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE (Cont. ) Modifying column(s) to a table Syntax #2 • To modify multiple columns in an existing table, the ALTER TABLE syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY ( column_1 column_type, column_2 column_type, . . . column_n column_type ); • For example: ALTER TABLE supplier MODIFY ( supplier_name varchar 2(100) not null, city varchar 2(75) ); 11 Your Logo

SQL: ALTER TABLE (Cont. ) Drop column(s) in a table Syntax #1 To drop a column in an existing table, the ALTER TABLE syntax is: ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name; For example: ALTER TABLE supplier DROP COLUMN supplier_name; This will drop the column called supplier_name from the table called supplier. 12 Your Logo

SQL: REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS We can specify CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT on referential integrity constraints (foreign keys) CREATE TABLE DEPT (DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9) DEFAULT 1, MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER), UNIQUE (DNAME), FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE ); 13 Your Logo

SQL: REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS (Cont. ) CREATE TABLE EMP ( ENAME VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, ESSN CHAR(9), BDATE, DNO INTEGER DEFAULT 1, SUPERSSN CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (ESSN), FOREIGN KEY (DNO) REFERENCES DEPT ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE, FOREIGN KEY (SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMP ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE ); 14 Your Logo

SQL: Some Data Types in SQL 2 and SQL-99 . Data Type integer numeric Syntax integer Where p is a precision value; s is a scale value. For numeric(p, s) example, numeric(6, 2) is a number that has 4 digits before the decimal and 2 digits after the decimal. real float(p) character char(x) character varying bit date timestamp 15 Explanation (if applicable) varchar 2(x) bit(x) date timestamp Single-precision floating point number Where p is a precision value. Where x is the number of characters to store. This data type is space padded to fill the number of characters specified. Where x is the number of characters to store. This data type does NOT space pad. Where x is the number of bits to store. Stores year, month, and day values. Stores the hour, minute, and second values. Stores year, month, day, hour, minute, and second values. Your Logo

Retrieval Queries in SQL • • 16 SQL has one basic statement for retrieving information from a database; the SELECT statement Important distinction between SQL and the formal relational model; SQL allows a table (relation) to have two or more tuples that are identical in all their attribute values Hence, an SQL relation (table) is a multi-set (sometimes called a bag) of tuples; it is not a set of tuples SQL relations can be constrained to be sets by specifying PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE attributes, or by using the DISTINCT option. Your in Logo a query

Retrieval Queries in SQL (Cont. ) • Basic form of the SQL SELECT statement is called a mapping or a SELECT-FROM-WHERE block SELECT <attribute list> FROM <table list> WHERE <condition> • <attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved by the query • <table list> is a list of the relation names required to process the query • <condition> is a conditional (Boolean) expression that identifies the tuples to be retrieved by the query 17 Your Logo

Retrieval Queries in SQL (Cont. ) Note: All queries from now are on the company database, Book page No. : 137. 18 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries • • Basic SQL queries correspond to using the SELECT, PROJECT, and JOIN operations of the relational algebra All subsequent examples use the COMPANY database Example of a simple query on one relation Query 0: Retrieve the birthdate and address of the employee whose name is 'John B. Smith'. SELECT 19 BDATE, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE FNAME='John' AND MINIT='B’ AND LNAME='Smith’; Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 1: Retrieve the name and id of the projects which are performed in Houston, Statford. SELECT PNAME, PNUMBER FROM PROJECT WHERE PLOCATION=‘Houston’ OR PLOCATON=‘Statford’; 20 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 2: Retrieve the full name of the employees who are working in department No. 5 and have more than 1000$ monthly salary. SELECT FNAME, MINIT, LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=5 AND SALARY>1000; 21 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 3: Retrieve the name of each dependent who is a son of some employee. SELECT DEPENDENT_NAME FROM DEPENDET WHERE RELATIONSHIP=‘SON’; 22 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 4: Retrieve the name of each employee and his/her department name. SELECT FNAME, MINIT, LNAME, DNAME FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNO=DNUMBER; 23 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 5: Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the 'Research' department. SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNO=DNUMBER AND DNAME='Research‘; 24 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 6: Retrieve the name of each son and the name of his father/mother name SELECT DEPENDENT_NAME FROM DEPENDENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE ESSN=SSN AND RELATIONSHIP=‘SON’; 25 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 7: Retrieve the name of each department and the name if its manager. SELECT DNAME, FNAME, MINIT, LNAME FROM DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE MGRSSN=SSN; 26 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 8: Retrieve the name of each project and the name of its controlling department. SELECT PNAME, DNAME FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER; 27 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 9: Retrieve the name managers. SELECT FROM WHERE 28 FNAME, MINIT, LNAME EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT SSN=MGRSSN; Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 10: Retrieve the name of each project and the name of its controlling department and the name of the department manager. SELECT PNAME, DNAME, FNAME, MINIT, LNAME FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGRSSN=SSN; 29 Your Logo

Simple SQL Queries (Cont. ) • Query 11: For every project located in 'Stafford', list the project number, the controlling department number, and the department manager's last name, address, and birthdate. . SELECT PNUMBER, DNUM, LNAME, BDATE, ADDRESS FROM PROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGRSSN=SSN AND PLOCATION='Stafford’; 30 Your Logo

USE OF * • To retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples, a * is used, which stands for all the attributes Examples: SELECT 31 * FROM WHERE SELECT * FROM WHERE AND EMPLOYEE DNO=5; EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT DNAME='Research‘ DNO=DNUMBER; Your Logo