Fundamentals of Communication Communication Definition Process Important Features

Fundamentals of Communication

Communication Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Definition Process Important Features Importance Purpose of Professional Communication Differences between General and Professional Communication Types Flow of Communication in an Organization Informal Network - Grapevine Communication Barriers - Types and Measures 2

Definition v Communication essentially means the transfer of ideas, feelings, plans, messages, or information from one person to another. It is effective only when it gets the desired action or response. v Communication is a network of interaction where the sender and receiver keep changing their roles. v Communication is a dynamic process, the main components of which are sender, message, channel, receiver, and response. 3

Process 4

Features Two-way Creative Functional Sender and receiver keep changing their roles Continuous 5

Communication Flow Types (Parties involved) Intrapersonal Mass Interperson Extraperson al al Kinesics Vertical Horizont Diagon al al Proxemics Means, Kinds, Manners, Forms Spiral Linguistic. Paralinguist Extralinguist Nonic verbal ic Vocal Cues Chronemics Artefacts Haptics (Touch) Oral Writte n Speech Seminar GD Meetings Professional Presentation Verb al Intervie w Letter Memo Minutes Reports 6

Importance of Communication v Business has grown in size v Business activity has become complex v Business has become competitive v Workers are organized through trade union v Promotes a spirit of understanding and cooperation 7

Purpose of Professional Communication ü ü ü ü Advising Counseling Giving Orders Providing Instructions Marketing Persuasion Giving Warnings ü ü ü Raising Morale Staffing Projecting Image Preparing Advertisements Making Decisions Getting Feedback 8

Differences between General and Professional Communication General Communication Professional Communication Ø Content: Contains general message Ø Nature: Informal in style and approach Ø Structure: No set pattern of communication Ø Method: Mostly oral Ø Audience: Not always for a specific audience Ø Language: Does not normally involve the use of technical vocabulary or graphics, etc. Ø Content: Contains a formal and professional message Ø Nature: Mostly formal and objective Ø Structure: Follows a set pattern such as sequence of elements in a report Ø Method: Both oral and written Ø Audience: Always for a specific audience, e. g. , customers, banks, etc. Ø Language: Frequently involves jargon, graphics, etc. for achieving professional purposes 9

How much time do you spend on the following? ü ü ü ü Informal note Memos Letters Circulars and notices Press releases Reports Handbooks Manuals ü Unplanned exchanges ü Meetings ü Brainstorming ü Telephone ü Interviews ü Formal presentations ü Discussion groups ü Seminars 10

Different Types of Communication Flow Ø Horizontal Ø Vertical o Upward o Downward Ø Crosswise Ø Spiral 11

Flow of Communication in an Organization 12

Barriers to Communication Definition: When you convey your message to someone or a group of people and the message is not received clearly and unambiguously, it is known as barrier to communication. Thus, the message received is not as the message sent. Barriers to effective communication could cause roadblocks in your professional and personal life and it could be one of the major hurdles in achieving your professional goals. 13

Further Discussed ü Measures to rectify communication failure ü Types of communication barriers ü Tips for Effective Communication 14

Steps to Rectify Communication Failure 1. Identify the problem 2. Find out its cause 3. Select and apply the best alternative 4. Follow up religiously 15

Types of Communication Barriers Based on the Nature of Barriers q Barriers of psychological nature q Barriers arising due to emotional reactions, negative attitudes, and wrong timing of messages q Barriers originating from the communication networks established by organizations 16

Verbal Barriers § § § § Lack of proper planning Selection of a wrong variety of language Badly encoded or wrongly decoded messages Semantic gap Differences in perceptions Variation in language Wrong inferences Categorical thinking 17

Non-verbal Barriers § Raising eyebrows § Keeping your hands or thumbs constantly in the pockets of your trousers § Awkward gestures § Flashing eyes § Rolling eyes § Quick movements § Very slow movement § Avoiding eye contact 18

Listening Barriers § Making the speaker feel as though he/she is wasting the listener’s time § Being distracted by something that is not part of the ongoing communication § Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his/her thoughts § Topping the speaker’s story with one’s own set of examples § Forgetting what is being discussed § Asking too many questions for the sake of probing § Note: These barriers are elaborately discussed in the chapter entitled ‘Developing Effective Listening Skills’. 19

Miscellaneous Barriers § Premature evaluation of message § Information overload § Distrust, threat, and fear § Less time for orientation and for adjustment to change § Emotional reaction § Rigidity in attitudes 20

Some Remedies v Send the data only to the people who require them v Emphasize the major ideas v Delete unwanted ideas v Maintain transparency in policy matters v Ensure clarity in message and look for a genuine feedback v Understand others’ emotions v Understand other cultures and language variations and use the appropriate variety in the given context 21

Some Remedies v Make sure that information overload does not affect the communication environment adversely. v Maintain openness and acknowledge that people have different perceptions and views regarding one thing. v Encourage innovative ideas and views so that people should not unnecessarily live in fears. v Listen attentively to others v Speak with clarity and conviction 22