Fundamental Units of Life CELLS Living Compartments n

Fundamental Units of Life – CELLS!

Living Compartments n n Organisms can exist as a single cells - amebas Cells vary in size and shape; each is basically a fluid filled bag in which various structures are housed ¨ Ok. . Why do have this fluid filled bag? Why is it’s composition similar to sea water? n Internal structures are called organelles (little organs in latin)

Living Compartments Intracellular = “inside of the cell” n Extracellular = “outside of the cell” n Organelles are small membrane bound structures that have specific functions within the cell n Prokaryotic = DO NOT have a membrane -bound nucleus or organelles n Eukaryotic = Have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles n

Living Compartments

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Cell Wall Vacuole

Cell Structure n Cell Wall ¨ Composed of complex carbohydrate-cellulose ¨ Humans are unable to digest cellulose because the appropriate enzymes to breakdown the beta acetal linkages it has are lacking. FIBER! ¨ Support, rigidity, and protection ¨ Surrounds plasma membrane n PLANT CELLS ONLY!!

Cell Structure n Plasma membrane (cell skin? ) n Double lipid bilayer (2 layers) ¨ Composed of protein and phospholipids ¨ The membrane regulates the exchange of substances (nutrients/waste/signaling molecules) between the cell and its surrounding BOTH animal and plant cells have a plasma membrane.

Cell Structure n Cytoplasm (cell blood? ) liquid substance inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus ¨ Where biochemical reactions occur and organelles are suspended ¨ n BOTH plant and animal cells

The Central Vacuole n n The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.

Chloroplasts n n a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. It has the photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll) that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy -storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water.

Cell Structure Flagella / Cilia (cell feet/arms? ) n ¨ Aid in locomotion n BOTH Plant and Animal cells can have these. Flagella Cilia

Cell Structure - Organelles n Nucleus (cell brain? ) ¨ Contains genetic instructions (DNA) ¨ Controls cellular activities n BOTH plant and animal cells

Cell Structure - Nucleolus n largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, n where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly.

Cell Structure - Organelles n Mitochondria (cell engine? ) ¨ Release of energy from sugars in the form of ATP through cellular respiration n BOTH plant and animal cells

Cell Structure - Organelles n Chloroplasts Acquire energy through light (absorb photons!) and convert into chemical energy by photosynthesis ¨ Contain green photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll. ¨ n PLANT Cells ONLY!!!

Cell Structure - Organelles n Ribosomes ¨ Protein synthesis n BOTH Plant and Animal Cells

Cell Structure - Organelles n Endoplasmic reticulum (cell circulatory system? ) ¨ Transport of proteins and synthesis of lipids n BOTH Plant and Animal cells

Cell Structure - Organelles n Golgi Bodies (cell post office) ¨ Modification, packaging and shipping of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates n BOTH Plant and Animal cells

Cell Structure - Organelles n Central vacuoles (plant cell stomach? ) ¨ Storage of water, wastes, and nutrients ¨ Influences cell size and shape – TURGOR PRESSURE n PLANT cells ONLY!!!

Cell Structure - Organelles n Lysosomes – (cell digestive tract? ) ¨ Contain enzymes for n intracellular digestion of bacteria, cellular debris, and worn out cell parts n Animal Cells ONLY!!! Centrioles (cell bones? ) ¨ Organize part of the cytoskeleton (protein filaments) in animal cells n Animal Cells ONLY!!!