FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ARTICLES 12 35 Article 12 State

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ARTICLES 12 - 35

Article 12 • State : Govt. & Parliament of India Govt. & State legislature Local Authorities & Other Authorities under the control of India

Article 13 • Judicial Review: - All inconsistent laws will be void

Article 14 • Right to Equality: Equality before law & Equal protection of the laws

Article 15 • Prohibition of discrimination • Protective Discrimination for women & children

Article 16 • Equality in public employment • Protective discrimination for Backward Classes

Articles 17 &18 • Abolition of Untouchability • Abolition of Titles

Article 19 – Six Freedoms • Freedom of Speech & Expression • Assemble peaceably without arms • To form associations or unions • To move freely through out the territory of India • To reside & settle in any part of India • To practice any profession or to carry out any occupation, trade or business

Article 19 - Clause 2 to 6 • Security of the State • Friendly Relationship with foreign states • Public Order • Decency • Contempt of Court • Defamation • Incitement to an offence

Article 20 – Protection to Accused • No Ex Post Facto Laws • Rule against Double Jeopardy • Prohibition against Self Incrimination

Article 21 Protection of Life & Personal Liberty • No one should be deprived of his life & personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law

Article 22 Protection against Arbitrary Arrest & Detention • Information of grounds of arrest • Not to be detained for indefinite period • Opportunity for defence

Articles 23 & 24 Rights Against Exploitation # Prohibition of Traffic in human beings & forced labor # Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years of age in factories & other hazardous employment

Articles 25 to 28 Freedom of Religion • Freedom of Conscience & Free Profession Practice & Propagation of Religion Freedom to manage religious affairs Freedom from payment of taxes Religious instructions in educational institutions

Article 29 & 30 Cultural & Educational rights • Protection of interests of minorities • Establishment & Administration of Educational Institutions

Article 31 Saving of Certain Laws

Article 32 – Constitutional Remedies • Writ Jurisdiction of Supreme Court i) Habeas Corpus – you may produce the body ii) Mandamus – we command iii) Certiorari – call for the records iv) Prohibition – you should not do v) Quo Warranto – by what authority

Articles 33 to 35 • Article 33 Right of parliament to modify rights • Article 34 Restriction of fundamental rights while martial law is in force • Article 35 Power to make further laws in favour

Indian Contract Act 1872

• Contract : latin word contractum meaning drawn together Sec 2(h) agreement enforceable at law offer + acceptance = agreement + enforceability at law = contract

Essential Elements Agreement Consensus ad idem Capacity of parties Free consent Consideratio Lawful n object Not declared Certainty & Intention to to be void possibility of create legal performance relationship