FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS Master Copy for IRTMTCALD by
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS Master Copy for IRTMTC/ALD by IRICEN
FUNDAMENTAL OF ELECTRONICS Components & Measuring Circuits Devices Instruments Rectifiers, Digital multi-meter Amplifiers, Passive Active Power supply, Oscillators, Resistor, Diode, Oscilloscopes, Filters etc. Capacitor, Transistor, Functions generators etc. Inductors OP-amp, Ics etc.
NOMENCLATURES OF PCBS • In machines PCBs are identified with numeric numbers with alphabetic nomenclatures i. e. EK 813 SV, EK 349 LV, EK 16 V, EK 501 P etc. • EK PLUG IN TYPE PCB • EL-T - CONNECTION TYPE • SV POWER SUPPLY PCB • LV ANALOG CONTROL PCB • V DIGITAL CONTROL PCB • P PROGRAMMER PCB • A D. C. MOTOR CONTROL PCB • MC MICRO CONTROLER PCB
NOMENCLATURES OF DRAWING X Input To Programmer ( Yellow Led Indication) Q Out Put From Programmer (Red LEd Indication) Q 1 Time Delay Out Put Of Programmer QL Load Relay Output ٧ ٨ -- OR AND Not Allowed P Proportional Circuit(Tamping And Satellite Circuit) R Lining Control Circuit N PCB Levelling Control Circuit (Niv) Printed Circuit Board (U)
NOMENCLATURES OF DRAWING • E Front Input Control Circuit • D Driving Control Circuit • Z Hook Control Circuit • F Multicheck Address • ALC Automatic Guiding Computer • *ALC Connectors Of Computer ALC • GVA • Tele Geometric Value Adjustment Laser System
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Active components Passive Components These components are not able to amplify Or process the electrical signal themselves e. g. resistor, capacitor, inductor These components can amplify and process the electrical signal Transistors, Diode, l. C. etc
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Resistor • Resistor opposes current flow • It behaves like a electrical friction • This resistor slows the flow of current in every electrical component or circuit • Property of the component is called resistance, it’s unit is Ohm ( ), Kilo Ohms(K ) , Mega. Ohms(M )
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Resistor Fixed type Carbon composition Wire wound resistor Resistor Variable type (Potentiometer)
CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR • The resistive material is of carbon-clay • composition. • The leads are made of tinned copper. • This types of Resistors are readily available in values ranging from few ohms to about 22 M
CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR • They are available in 1/8, 1/4 , 1/2, 1, 2, watt • The size of resistos varies with wattage rating • The size of resistor increases as wattage rating increases • Resistors of ¼ watt are widely used
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR • Wire wound resistors are fabricated by winding one or more than one layers of high resistance wire(Nichrome ) • Wire wound resistors are preferred over carbon composition resistors in low resistance, low noise applications • These resistors are available from 1 to 100 K with wattage rating upto 200 W
VARIABLE RESISTOR There are different types of variable resistor 1. Potentiometer 2. Trimmers or presets 3. Rheostats In our machine Potentiometer are used which value is changes from 1 to 5 k
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Application of resistor • It apposes the current so it is used to reduce current in the circuit. • To drop the voltage (V = I. R. ) and as potentiometer. • In timer circuit to set time (T=RC). • To set the gain of operational amplifiers. • In bulb and heaters.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Capacitor • It can store electrical energy in the form of charge (Electrons) and release them whenever Required
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Capacitor • Capacitor’s ability to store electrical charge is called capacitance • It is represented by “C”and it’s unit is Farad(F) but practically its small units are used like Micro farad(μF), Pico farad (p. F) Nano Farad (n. F).
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Capacitor Fixed type Non polarized These capacitors don’t have any polarity consideration they can be used in any direction. Mica Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors Variable type (Electrolytic) + - Polarized These capacitors have +ve & -ve polarity consideration and should be used accordingly. Paper Capacitors Polyester Capacitors
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Application of capacitor • To store charge and discharge when required. • To pass A. C. signal and block D. C. signals. • To pass unwanted signals. • In time delay circuits. • In tuner circuits.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Inductor When current flows through a coil of conductor wire then it generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field reacts so as to oppose the change in current. This reaction of magnetic field is called inductance.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Inductor The force it develops is called induced emf, and component producing inductance is called inductor. It is a fine length of wire wound on a core, frame or air core. Unit of inductance is Henry (H)
PASSIVE COMPONENTS Application of Inductor • It is used as solenoid in hydraulic and pneumatic valves to shift spools. • In electromagnetic relay to change positions of contacts. • It is used as shut down coil in engines. • In filter circuits. • In oscillator circuits. • In tuning circuits. • In transformers to step down or step up the A. C. voltage. • It is used as choke in florescent tubes. • It is used in motors and generators.
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