Functions Support body structure and shape Protection vital

Functions • • • Support: body structure and shape Protection: vital organs surrounded Movement/Anchorage of Muscles Mineral Storage: calcium & phosphorus Blood Formation

Formation and structure • Composed of connective tissue called osseous tissue and rich supply of blood vessels and nerves • Osseous tissue is composed of : ________

Bone Formation • Skeleton fully formed by 2 nd month of fetal development (all cartilage) • Ossification (replacement of cartilage with bone cells and calcium salts) begins after 8 th week of fetal development • Childhood and adolescence: ossification ______ bone loss • Early adulthood through middle age: ossification ______ bone loss • After age 35: bone loss _______ ossification

Bone Formation/Ossification: replacement of cartilage with bone • Cells: – osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage (the “builders”) – osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone – osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (the “remodelers”) • Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit and tear down bone throughout life

Bone Growth • Grow in length at the epiphyseal line • Grow in width by addition of bone to the surface • Controlled by anterior pituitary (GH)

Bone Composition • Proper formation of bone depends on sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D. • Vit. D helps with absorption of ____ • Once Calcium and phosphorous are in the blood osteoblastic activity forms the enzyme Calcium phosphate • Calcium phosphate: gives bone its characteristic _________ • Collagen: chief organic constituent (protein)

Bones (cont’d. ) • Bone is the reservoir for calcium storage • Calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to muscle When insufficient, it interferes with nerve transmission causing muscle weakness and spasms • Ca level maintained by the ________, which secretes a hormone to release calcium from bone

Types of Bones Based on Composition • Compact • Cancellous

Compact Bone (Cortical) • Dense, Stress Bearing • Haversian Systems: system of small canals which contain blood vessels that bring _____and _____ to bone and remove waste products • Medullary cavity: central shaft of long bone composed of _______ marrow (stores fat cells)

Cancellous Bone (spongy/trabecular) • Light, spongy • Found at ______, ribs, sternum, hips, vertebrae, cranium spaces • Contain red bone marrow with elements for blood formation

Bone Markings - Purpose • Join one bone to another • Provide a surface for attachment of muscles • Create an opening for passage of blood vessels and nerves • Use as landmarks

Major types of Bone Markings • Processes/Projections: serve as attachments for muscles and tendons • Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways _________ • Ridges - __________

Bone Processes and Depressions (cont’d. )

Bones by Shapes Reference: Gerdin, Judith. Health Careers Today. 3 rd edition. Mosby, 2003

Long Bones • Extremities (Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, clavicle • Act as ______ • Epiphysis: at the _____; covered with hyaline cartilage for articulating bones (provides ______); cancellous bone • Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate • Diaphysis: shaft, covered with periosteum, contains ______bone marrow • Medullary cavity – located in the shaft of a long bone. This cavity is surrounded by compact bone and lined with endosteum and contains _______ bone marrow • Metaphysis: flared portion of the bone

Periosteum • Dense, fibrous membrane covering bone • Contains blood vessels • Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation

Bone Structure (cont’d. ) (A) Divisions of a long bone and interior structure (B) composition of compact (cortical) bone

Short Bones • _____-shaped • Allows ______ • Cancellous bone covered by compact bone • Carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Flat Bones • Flat plates • Protect ______ • Provide broad surface area for attachment of ____ • Cranial bones, Facial bones, Scapula, Sternum

Irregular Bones • Peculiarly shaped to provide support and protection with ______ • Vertebrae, Ribs, Ear, Hip, Hyoid • Includes Sesamoid bones

Sesamoid Bones • Extra bones found around ____i. e. Patella

CARTILAGE • Smooth, rubbery, white connective tissue • Acts as a _______ between bones • Makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton as well as the __________ – ______– covers the surfaces of the bones that form joints – _____– curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints (knee and jaw)

JOINTS • _____ – jagged lines where bones joint that does not move (top of an adult’s skull – coronal /Sagittal sutures) • _____ –Cartilaginous joint – 2 bones join and are held firmly together; function as one (pelvic symphyses) • _______– movable – Ball and socket (hip) – Hinge (knee, elbow)

STRUCTURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

Bursae • Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place • Common sites: – between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones – between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone – between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)

Joints

Bones of the Body

SKELETON • AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES) – Skull – Spinal Column – Ribs – Sternum • APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 bones) – Upper extremities – Lower extremities

Skull - Cranium • Houses and protects the brain • _______: forms forehead • ____: forms roof of nasal cavity • _______right & left; form sides and roof of skull • ____: right & left; forms temple, cheek, ear openings

• _______: back of skull; inferior portion has foramen magnum (opening for spinal cord) and 2 condyles to articulate with atlas • _____: fills space between orbital plates; depression called sella turcica holds the pituitary gland; bat shaped

Cranial Sutures • Unite the bones of the cranium • As the child grow, irregular bands of connective tissue ossifies and turns into hard bone

Sutures • _____Suture: between the frontal and parietal bones • _____ Suture: between right and left parietal bones • ____Suture: between the parietal and occipital bones • _____ Suture: between temporal and parietal bones

Fontanels • Fusion of the cranial bones is not complete at birth • Space between the bones remains • Anterior (Bregmatic): “soft spot”, closes at ___months • Posterior (Occipital): triangular, closes at _____ months

BONES OF THE FACE

Facial Bones Continued • ______ (2): cheek bones • ______ (2): small bones form medial wall of each eye socket • _______ (2): forms back roof of mouth and floor of nose • ____(2): forms curved ledge inside wall of nose

Ear Bones • Malleus (2): the hammer • Incus (2): the anvil • Stapes (2): the stirrup

Hyoid Bone • • U-shaped bone In neck At base of tongue Only bone in body that does NOT articulate with another bone

SPINAL/VERTEBRAL COLUMN • 26 Vertebrae • Five divisions – C 1 to C 7 = Cervical – T 1 -T 12 = Thoracic – L 1 -L 5 = Lumbar – Sacrum (5 bones fuse when young) – Coccyx (4 bones fused together)

Functions • Supports trunk and _____. • Protects ______ • Multiple joint spaces allow for ______ and twisting

BONES OF THE THORACIC CAVITY • RIBS – 12 pairs, called ______ (first 7 = true, RIBS 8 -12 = false ribs; last 2 pairs = floating) • _____– breast bone – Manubrium – Body – Xiphoid process (cartilage)

Functions • • Protect and support heart and ______ Supports bones of pectoral girdle Plays leading role in ____ Ribs and sternum aid in RBC formation

Appendicular Skeleton – 126 Bones

Shoulder Girdle • Clavicles (2): collar bones • ____(2): shoulder blades • Acromion: extension of the scapula/high pt

Upper Extremities • Humerus: ______ • Radius: _____side of forearm • ______: little finger side of forearm • Olecranon process (funny bone)

WRISTS AND HANDS • Carpals (8) = ______ • Metacarpals (5) = ________ • ______ (14) = fingers – Distal – Medial – Proximal

PELVIC GIRDLE • Os Coxae (2): contains the acetabulum (hip socket) • 3 components: – _____ – upper blade of the pelvic girdle – Sacroiliac – slightly moveable articulation betw. sacrum and ilium – Ischium – ______, posterior portion • Also, contains the sacrum

LOWER EXTREMITIES • • Femur: ____ Patella: kneecap Tibia: _____ Fibula: lateral bone of lower leg

ANKLES AND FEET

Common Skeletal Bones