Functional parts of speech Parts of Speech Theory

Functional parts of speech

Parts of Speech Theory �Parts of Speech – lexico-semantic classes of words, distinguished on the basis of their syntactic, morphological and semantic characteristics (L. V. Scherba). �Plato a noun, a verb, an adjective

H. Sweet’s theory: �Declinables (nouns, adjectives, verbs) morphological �Indeclinables (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections) �Noun words (nouns, noun-pronouns, noun-numerals, infinitive , gerund �Adjective words (adjectives, adjectivepronouns, adjective numerals, participle �Verb-words (finite and non-finite forms) criterion syntactic criterion

O. Jespersen’s theory of 3 ranks A furiously barking dog 3 2 Criterion – functioning in the sentence 1

Ch. Fries’s theory �Criterion – position in the sentence The concert was good. It was there. 1 2 3 4 �Class 1: Nouns (he, reading, to read, the rich…) �Class 2: Verbs �Class 3: Adjectives �Class 4: Adverbs

�Group A: words, that can occupy the position of “the”: no, their, John’s, each, this… �Group B: words that occur in the position of “may”: might, can, would, will. . �Group C: “not” �Group G: the word “do-did-does” �Group H: - “there” �Group L: “yes”, “no” �Group M: attention-getting signals: listen, look, say…

Parts of Speech Notional Have lexical meaning, Denote a notion Functional Demonstrate the relations between the notional words or specify the grammatical meaning.

Disputable questions: �Category of State: It’s easy (warm) �Modal words: probably, perhaps… �Pronouns (this-that, one, each, other, myself…) and particles (to, not, ) �Article �Auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do…) �Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of Speech �Are distinguished on the basis of functional commonness �Demonstrate the relations between the notional words or specify the grammatical meaning �Denote subjective modality �Don’t denote a notion �Don’t have grammatical categories �Are characterized by a simple word structure and usually have 1 syllable �Can’t be a member of the sentence �Not homogeneous: but-and-if / what-in order that

History: �VII – XI – noun, adjective, adverb, numeral, pronoun, verb �XI – XV - + articles, Participle 1, 2, Gerund �XV – XXI - + pronoun, preposition, conjunction, particle

Kobrina N. , Korneeva E. : The notional P of S: the noun the adjective the stative the pronoun the numeral the verb the adverb the modal words the interjection The functional P of S the preposition the conjunction the particle

Kaushanskaya V. The notional P of S: the noun the adjective the words of the category of state the pronoun the numeral the verb the adverb the modal words the interjection The functional P of S the preposition the conjunction the particle the article

Krylova I. The notional P of S: The structural P of S the noun the pronoun the adjective the numeral the verb the adverb the preposition the conjunction the article

Questions: �What are the 3 criteria according to which the words of a language fall into parts of speech? �Give the definition of the parts of speech. �What are the 2 large groups the parts of speech are subdivided into? �Characterize the notional and the functional parts of speech. �Consider the following classifications of the parts of speech of the English language. What parts of speech are mentioned in each classification? �What parts of speech are included only in some classifications? �What parts of speech of the English language are not mentioned at all in all classifications? �Is there any difference with the classification of the parts of speech in the Russian language? �Give the examples of the parts of speech which function as both notional and structural. Use the dictionary. �Give the full classification of your own.