Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms contd Simple tissues There

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues There are three types of simple tissues; parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Ø Parenchyma 29 November 2020 EJDB 1

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues - Parenchyma v. Certain parenchymatous tissue contain chloroplast and synthesize food. They are collectively referred to as chlorenchyma. 29 November 2020 EJDB 2

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues – Parenchyma cont’d v In plants like Canna and banana and many aquatic plants parenchymatous cells are stellate and have air cavities between them to store air. Such a tissue is called aerenchyma. 29 November 2020 EJDB 3

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues - Collenchyma 29 November 2020 EJDB 4

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues – Collenchyma cont’d 29 November 2020 EJDB 5

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues - Sclerenchyma v Sclerenchyma 29 November 2020 EJDB 6

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues – Sclerenchyma cont’d v. Sclerenchymatous fibres 29 November 2020 EJDB 7

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues – Sclerenchyma cont’d ØThe Sclereids: 29 November 2020 EJDB 8

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues – Sclerenchyma cont’d ØThe Fibres: 29 November 2020 EJDB 9

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Simple tissues cont’d 29 November 2020 EJDB 10

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Meristem classification - Origin Promeristem or primordial meristem: 29 November 2020 EJDB 11

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Meristem classification – Origin cont’d Cambium 29 November 2020 EJDB 12

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Meristem classification - Position Apical meristem: Intercalary meristem: Lateral meristem: 29 November 2020 EJDB 13

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Meristem classification - Function On the nature of function the apical meristem may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem: Protoderm Procambium Ground 29 November 2020 EJDB 14

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Meristem classification - Position 29 November 2020 EJDB 15

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Complex tissues - Xylem cont’d The Xylem consist of both living and non living cells. The Tracheids: 29 November 2020 EJDB 16

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Complex tissues - Xylem the tracheids cont’d üThe lignin deposited in the secondary wall layers can be in different manner. It can be: ØAnnular: lignin is deposited in the form of a ring along the walls at regular intervals. ØSpiral: lignin is deposited in the form of a spiral in length. It is stronger than annular thickening. ØScalariform: the lignin deposition is in the form of closely arranged bands which gives an appearance of a ladder. ØReticulate: is deposited in the form of a network-like thickening. ØPitted: These are the most common types. The entire inner wall is thickening except for some circular areas which look like pits. 29 November 2020 EJDB 17

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Complex tissues - Xylem cont’d The Vessels: 29 November 2020 EJDB 18

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Xylem - Vessels cont’d ü Their secondary walls of vessels are deposited with lignin in similar manner as in the tracheids. 29 November 2020 EJDB 19

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Complex tissues - Phloem The Phloem 29 November 2020 EJDB 20

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Complex tissues - Phloem cont’d Sieve-tubes elements and companion cells 29 November 2020 EJDB 21

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Plant tissues 29 November 2020 EJDB 22

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d The Tissue System - Distribution of tissues On the bases of function plant tissues are organized into three systems: üEpidermal (dermal) tissue system. üGround (fundamental) tissue system. üVascular tissue system. 29 November 2020 EJDB 23

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Epidermal tissue cont’d 29 November 2020 EJDB 24

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Epidermal Tissue cont’d Root hair Rhizodermis Cortex (Ground tissue) Central cylinder (Ground tissue with vascular bundles) 29 November 2020 EJDB 25

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues 29 November 2020 EJDB 26

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Ground tissue cont’d The Endodermis 29 November 2020 EJDB 27

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Ground tissue cont’d The Stele Is compose of the pericycle and vascular bundle, pith and medullary rays. 29 November 2020 EJDB 28

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Ground tissue cont’d Epidermis Cortex Central cylinder Hollow pith Vascular bundle Medullary ray Cross section of Dicot stem 29 November 2020 EJDB 29

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular tissues 29 November 2020 EJDB 30

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular tissues cont, d A. Xylem parenchyma B. Protoxylem C. Tracheids and xylem fibres D. Metaxylem E. Cambium F. Phloem G. Sclerenchyma 29 November 2020 EJDB 31

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular bundles cont, d Vascular bundles: Dicot vs Monocot 29 November 2020 EJDB 32

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular bundles cont, d Cambium 29 November 2020 EJDB 33

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular bundles cont, d 29 November 2020 EJDB 34

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Vascular tissues cont’d Types of vascular bundles Radial: 29 November 2020 EJDB 35

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Types of vascular bundles cont’d Conjoint: Collateral 29 November 2020 Bicollateral EJDB 36

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Distribution of tissues - Types of vascular bundles cont’d Concentric: A. Amphicribal 29 November 2020 B. Amphivasal EJDB 37

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth 29 November 2020 EJDB 38

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth in Dicot stem – Activity of the Cambium Formation of cambium ring 29 November 2020 EJDB 39

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth – Activity of the Cambium cont’d 29 November 2020 EJDB 40

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth – Activity of the Cork Cambium 29 November 2020 EJDB 41

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary growth cont’d The Cork 29 November 2020 EJDB 42

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary growth cont’d The Bark 29 November 2020 EJDB 43

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth cont’d Annual or growth rings in a tree trunk 29 November 2020 EJDB 44

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth – Activity of Cambium cont’d Heart-wood and sapwood 29 November 2020 EJDB 45

Functional Anatomy of Angiosperms cont’d Secondary Growth in Dicot Root 29 November 2020 EJDB 46

Root hair Rhizodermis Cortex (Ground tissue) Central cylinder (Ground tissue with vascular bundles) Root hair Rhizodermis Cortex (Ground tissue) Central cylinder Root cap 29 November 2020 EJDB 47

Distribution of tissues in the stem 29 November 2020 EJDB 49

Distribution of tissues in the stem 29 November 2020 EJDB 50

Distribution of tissues in the vascular bundle

Distribution of tissues in the Stem epidermis→ cortex→ pith→ vascular bundle↑ Stem Cross Section epidermis↓ cortex↓ pith→ phloem fibers→ functional phloem→ vascular cambium→ xylem→ 29 November 2020 EJDB 52

Distribution of tissues in the Leaf Cuticle Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Vascular bundle Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Cuticle Stoma

Distribution of tissues in the Leaf

29 November 2020 EJDB 56