Fruit Morphology and Development HORT 319 Temperate Fruit

Fruit Morphology and Development HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit develops from the flowers z. Flower parts - Perfect flower Corolla (group of petals) Calyx (group of sepals) Androecium (set of stamens) Gynoecium (set of carpels) HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit develops from the flowers y. Flower parts - Imperfect flower Female Male HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Flower types Floral parts arrangements z. Attachment of floral parts z. Position of ovary HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit Classification Seed-bearing structure derived from a flower z Fleshy fruit y. Berry y. Drupe y. Pome y. Pepo z Dry fruit y. Dehiscent - splits when ripe y. Indehiscent - one carpel z Aggregate fruit z Multiple fruit HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fleshy fruit: Berries One pistil (carpel) One or many seed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fleshy fruit: Drupes One seeded Seed within stony endocarp z Peach, plum, apricot, cherry y Skin = exocarp y Eat mesocarp y Pit = endocarp HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fleshy fruit: Drupes One seeded Seed within stony endocarp z Almond y Mesocarp dries and separates y Endocarp is hard to soft y Eat seed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fleshy fruit: Pomes Leathery carpels Edible portion is receptacle HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fleshy fruit: Pepos Inferior flower, > 1 carpel Receptacle surrounds pericarp to form rind y. Watermelon y. Cucumber y. Squash y. Pumpkin HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Dry fruit: Dehiscent Split open when ripe y. Beans y. Peas HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Dry fruit: Indehiscent Single carpel Does not split when ripe z Achene y One seeded, free from pericarp y Strawberry, sunflower z Nut y Similar to achene y Enclosed by pericarp (leathery in chestnut, woody in walnut) y Husk (shuck) is fusion of sepals, bracteoles. HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Aggregate Fruit Many ovules One flower HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Multiple fruit Many flowers Along a common axis or inflorescence HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit development: Definitions z. Maturation y. Process of development y. Leads to maturity = ability to ripen properly z. Ripening y. Following step in fruit development y. Mature fruit becomes fully edible z. Senescence y. Final step in fruit development y. Deterioration y. Leads to death HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit Growth Pattern Sigmoid pattern: Pomes, pecans, strawberry y. Slow y. Rapid, cell division and expansion y. Slow, leveling off of growth HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit Growth Pattern Double sigmoid: Peach, plum, cherry y Slow y Rapid, cell division y Slow, pit hardening y Rapid, cell expansion y Slow HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit Growth Pattern Double Sigmoid y Late and early ripening peaches differ in length of STAGE II HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Fruit Size y Fruit size is inversely proportional to fruit number This is why fruit is thinned. HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

What you should learn from this lab z Where a fruit comes from z Flower types z Fruit classification z Basic fruit morphology z Fruit development y. Terminology y. Fruit growth patterns y. Effect of seed number y. Effect of thinning z ID of fruits and their seed HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Laboratory Procedure z Fruit displays y. Drupes/Stone fruit - 2 y. Pome fruit - 2 y. Berries y. Nuts y. Multiple/aggregate fruit z Pit and seed display z Thinned vs. Unthinned z Mount pressed leaves in book HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Laboratory Procedure z Answer work sheets y. Drupes/Stone fruit - 5 pts y. Pome fruit - 5 pts y. Misc. Fruit/Seed - 10 pts y. Thinned vs. Unthinned - 5 pts z Fruit Development Exercise on Homepage (15 pts) y. Compare fruit development for pecan, pear and peach y. Answer questions on Homepage and submit to teaching assistant HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production