Frontal forehead Nasal nose Ocular orbital eye Cephalic

Frontal (forehead) Nasal (nose) Ocular, orbital (eye) Cephalic (head) Cranial (skull) Facial (face) Oral (mouth) Mental (chin) Otic (ear) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Thoracic (thorax, chest) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Abdominal (abdomen) Antecubital (front of elbow) Trunk Umbilical (navel) a Anterior view 1

Antebrachial (forearm) Pelvic (pelvis) Trunk Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Manual (hand) Pollex (thumb) Inguinal (groin) Digits (fingers) Pubic (pubis) Patellar (kneecap) Femoral (thigh) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Digits (toes) Hallux (great toe) Pedal (foot) a Anterior view 2

Cephalic (head) Acromial (shoulder) Dorsal (back) Cervical (neck) Olecranal (back of elbow) Upper limb b Posterior view 3

Lumbar (loin) Upper limb Gluteal (buttock) Lower limb Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Calcaneal (heel of foot) Plantar (sole of foot) b Posterior view 4

§ Anatomical regions – Abdominopelvic quadrants – Abdominopelvic regions § Anatomical directions • Reference terms based on subject Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) a Abdominopelvic quadrants 5

Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right inguinal region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left inguinal region b Abdominopelvic regions 6

Liver Gallbladder Stomach Spleen Large intestine Small intestine Appendix Urinary bladder c Anatomical relationships 7

Superior: Above; at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head) Cranial or Cephalic Left Right Superior The head is superior to the chest. Toward the head The cranial nerves are in the head. Proximal Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk The shoulder is proximal to the wrist. Lateral Medial Away from the midline Toward the midline Posterior or Dorsal Anterior or Ventral Posterior: The back surface Anterior: The front surface Dorsal: The back. (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body) Ventral: The belly side. (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body) The scapula (shoulder blade) is located posterior to the rib cage. The umbilicus (navel) is on the anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk. Proximal Caudal Distal Toward the tail; (coccyx in humans) Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk Fused caudal vertebrae form the skeleton of the tail (coccyx). The fingers are distal to the wrist. OTHER DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superficial Distal At, near, or relatively close to the body surface The skin is superficial to underlying structures. Deep Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface a Anterior view Inferior: Below; at a lower level; toward the feet The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles. The knee is inferior to the hip. b Lateral view Inferior 8