From Tokugawa to Meiji v Tokugawa v v

From Tokugawa to Meiji v Tokugawa: v v v A military bureaucracy; rule by status Domains and their lords subject to a central government Mid-1800 s, central government weakens v v v Pressure from the West (1854 and after) pushes it over the edge “outsider” samurai warriors from the provinces rally around the emperor Tokugawa government toppled rather easily; v v Who would lead? v Samurai elites from the winning factions—loyalists v v Meiji emperor installed Satsuma and Chōshū leaders prominent Using what ideology? Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 1

Gluck, Chapter 1 v v Why did the Meiji government need an ideology? According to the standard view of Meiji history, what were the key elements of Meiji political ideology? (5) v v v How did this ideology supposedly work? Or, why did it succeed? What is Gluck’s disagreement with the “standard view”? What is ideology, according to Gluck? (7) v Examples? What are some “commonsensical” elements of US ideology? v v v How can an ideology have a history? How was (and is) ideology disseminated? (10) v v Who disseminated it? Who was it aimed at? How well was it disseminated in the later Meiji era? v v Are there areas in which it is conflicted? What are they? What were some barriers to dissemination? How might the message change along the way? (e. g. 13) What were some of its contradictions? Thought question: What is the relationship between ideology and propaganda? Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 2

The Great Promulgation Campaign v What was the goal of the Great Promulgation Campaign (1870 -1884)? What was it promulgating? (45) v How was it organized, and by whom or what? v How did it function? How was the message spread? v What existing institutions did it make use of, and how did it do so? (e. g. 33 f) v v What problems did it face? (46 f) v v What finally brought it to an end? (51) How would you evaluate its success? v What unintended consequences did it have? (53 f) Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 3

The Charter Oath (1868) v 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. By this oath we set up as our aim the establishment of the national weal on a broad basis and the framing of a constitution and laws. Deliberative assemblies shall be widely established and all matters decided by public discussion. All classes, high and low, shall unite in vigorously carrying out the administration of affairs of state. The common people, no less than the civil and military officials, shall each be allowed to pursue his own calling so that there may be no discontent. Evil customs of the past shall be broken off and everything based upon the just laws of Nature. Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world so as to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule. Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 4

The Late Meiji era v What main ideological issue was Japan dealing with before the promulgation of the constitution? (21 -23) v v What steps were taken? How successful were they? Gluck draws a division between the 1880 s and the 1890 s. What was the big ideological concern in the 1890 s? (27 f) v How was this concern discussed? v What v specific issues got attention and why? (28 f, 30 -1) v What responses do we see? v Why is this significant? How did the meaning of kokutai 国体 change from the 1890 s to 1915? (36 -7) Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 5

The Body Politic v Gluck begins with a description of the promulgation of the constitution. What is significant about it? v v About the ceremony itself? About popular reaction? How did the promulgation work as a “propaganda moment”? (46 -7) v v What does Gluck mean by “the denaturing of politics”? (49 f) v v v Who did it, in what areas of society, how, and why (59)? Did anyone resist, and if so, why? (56) What does Gluck say about the relationship between kan and min? In particular, how do the min view the kan? Why? 60 f v How well did various the efforts to propagate these particular images work? (62 -3) v v v What is the vision of of the relationship between the government and the people (kan and min)? (47 -8) Where does the distinction between kan and min run into difficulty? What was the “idealized and jaundiced” (64) view of politicians? Who was the audience for all this propaganda? How did the political reality compare with the kokumin ideal? Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 6

The Body Politic Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 7

The modern monarch v Gluck sees the image of the emperor developing in stages. What was the first stage (1870 s)? v v What did the leaders first feel they needed to do? What was the (propaganda) message? (73 -4, 75 -6) What problems did the leadership encounter? (75) What was the image of the emperor in the second stage (1880 s)? (76) v v v What problems arose here? What position did Shintō play? (77) What changed in the presentation of the emperor? Why? (78) v v Where was he mainly seen in person and how was he approached? (79) What happened to the image of the emperor in the 1890 s? v v Week 3 What was the role of the imperial household agency during this time? How was the image of the emperor used? Who was it aimed at influencing? (81) How did the traditionalists try to use the image of the emperor? (82) How did the populace respond? IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 8

The modern monarch v How was the relationship between the emperor and the constitution portrayed? v v How successful were the efforts to convey the meaning of the emperor to Japan? (86 f) v v Where was the symbol of the emperor brought to bear? By his death in 1912, how was the emperor conceived, and how was that image used? (93 -4, 100) v v Why was the Russo-Japanese war particularly important? In what areas was the emperor most visible after the Russo-Japanese War? (90 f) v v In local ceremonies? In education? How was the emperor portrayed in wartime? (88 -9 f) v v Where was imperial influence brought to bear? (84 -5) On the local level? (94 f) Did the imperial charisma have any limits? (97 f) Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 9

From Meiji to Taishō v According to Gluck, how was the death of the Meiji emperor significant? v v What was the significance of the suicide of Gen. Nogi? v v v Is there any sense in which we might view it as a “propaganda moment”? Why did it generate so much interest? A primer on Japanese politics How does Japan’s ideological landscape change after the death of the emperor? (228 f) v v What did the opposition politicians call for? What new groups and institutions became more involved? (230 -2) v v v How the government respond? What important changes were occurring in the populace as a whole? Does the popular view of politics and politicians change? v v Why or why not? (242 -3) How connected were people to politics? Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 10

Politics, 1890 -1920 v The Diet: Houses of Representatives and Peers v v v Representatives mostly regionally prominent landlords Peers: former nobles, samurai, and some business leaders Steady conflicts between Diet reps and bureaucrats, the cabinet ( min and kan) v v v The big issue was the budget and taxes Opposition parties (opposing oligarch government) consistently win elections But, the Diet does strongly support the Sino-Japanese war v v Itō organizes the Seiyūkai, 1900 soon dominates the Diet v v Itō lures Dietmen into the bureaucracy Regularly gets seats in the cabinet; Hara consolidates Seiyūkai power 1912 Taishō political crisis – military cabinet member resigns v Cabinets now must be formed by political compromise Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 11

The Peace Preservation Law – 1925 v v v How did government leaders view the mood of the country? (318) Why? What events were important in the run-up to the passing of the law? How did the government approach propaganda battles with its opponents? v v v the Morito case? the Namba case? the case of suffrage demonstrations? response to the 1922 formation of the Communist Party? (335 f) What problems did the government have to deal with in constructing a law aimed at controlling radicals? (330 -32) v v In In How did Katō intend to approach the problem? (339) What are the key provisions of the 1925 Peace Preservation Law? v What does Mitchell see as significant about it? Why? (343) Week 3 IDS 4933 -- Politics and Propaganda in Modern East Asia 12