From gene to protein Process of making a

Process of making a protein • DNA -> RNA -> protein transcription translation •

Transcription 5’ DNA 3’ T A C G A T G C RNA polymerase

Transcription 5’ DNA 3’ T A C G 5’ m. RNA 3’ U A

Translation Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) and proteins E site

Alternative splice processed Primary RNA transcript Alternative splicing – when a region of DNA

Post-transcriptional control 5’ 3’ m. RNA exon 5’ cap and 3’-poly-A tail prevent degradation

Transcriptional Control in prokaryotes RNA polymerase promoter Repressor operator Gene DNA

Lac operon – an example of translational control c. AMP activator CAP-binding site RNA

Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes Transcription factor RNA polymerase Activator Enhancer promoter Gene DNA Transcription

Post-translational modifications • Once you’ve made your protein, you can add other chemicals to

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From gene to protein

Process of making a protein • DNA -> RNA -> protein transcription translation • Transcription – RNA polymerase: separates the DNA (helicase does this in replication) then transcribes the DNA into messenger RNA (m. RNA) – Promoter – the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to

Transcription 5’ DNA 3’ T A C G A T G C RNA polymerase 3’ DNA 5’

Transcription 5’ DNA 3’ T A C G 5’ m. RNA 3’ U A C G A T G C RNA polymerase 3’ DNA 5’

Translation Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) m. RNA Small subunit A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C Large subunit t. RNA Amino acid

Translation Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) m. RNA Small subunit A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C t. RNA Amino acid Large subunit

Translation Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) m. RNA Small subunit A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C U G C t. RNA Amino acid

Translation Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) m. RNA codon Small subunit A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C anticodon t. RNA Amino acid Large subunit

Genetic Code

Alternative splice processed Primary RNA transcript Alternative splicing – when a region of DNA has different introns cut out to form different products

Post-transcriptional control 5’ 3’ m. RNA exon 5’ cap and 3’-poly-A tail prevent degradation exon AAA 3’-poly-A tail

Transcriptional Control in prokaryotes RNA polymerase promoter Repressor operator Gene DNA

Lac operon – an example of translational control c. AMP activator CAP-binding site RNA polymerase promoter lactose Repressor operator Group of genes = operon DNA

Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes Transcription factor RNA polymerase Activator Enhancer promoter Gene DNA Transcription factor bound to RNA polymerase is called an initiation complex

Post-translational modifications • Once you’ve made your protein, you can add other chemicals to the protein surface to alter its function – Sugars – Phosphate