FROM DNA TO RNA RNA RNA ribonucleic acid

FROM DNA TO RNA

RNA • RNA: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. • Acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, • although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN DNA AND RNA • Similarities: • Differences: • Both have sugar-phosphate backbone • RNA is a single strand while DNA is the double helix • Both have the nucleotides • Meaning one back bone • Sugar is called ribose and has one more oxygen atom • RNA does not contain thymine, instead it has uracil which bonds with adenine

RNA’S ROLE • RNA: is important for producing protein and crucial in replicating DNA • DNA: carries your genetic traits and creates………you

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA

TYPES OF RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Types of RNA There are three main types of RNA: • messenger RNA • ribosomal RNA • transfer RNA

MESSENGER RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Messenger RNA (m. RNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

RIBOSOMAL RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (r. RNA).

TRANSFER RNA TYPES OF RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Amino acid Transfer RNA During protein construction, transfer RNA (t. RNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome.

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA molecule DNA strand 3¢ (template) 5¢ TRANSCRIPTION m. RNA 5¢ Codon TRANSLATION Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerp oints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Protein Amino acid 3¢

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Transcription defined DNA is copied in the form of RNA This first process is called transcription. The process begins at a section of DNA called a promoter.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm TRANSCRIPTION

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm RNA Editing Some DNA within a gene is not needed to produce a protein. These areas are called introns. The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called exons. RNA Editing

RNA EDITING: INTRONS AND EXONS The introns are cut of RNA molecules. The exons are the spliced together to form m. RNA. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Exon Intron DNA Pre-m. RNA Cap Tail

THE GENETIC CODE The Genetic Code The genetic code is the “language” of m. RNA instructions. The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

The Genetic Code: THE CODON A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on m. RNA that specify a particular amino acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

THE GENETIC CODE: WHAT’S IT CODING? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm TRANSLATION: DEFINED Translation is the decoding of an m. RNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

TRANSLATION: PROCESS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm The ribosome binds new t. RNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the m. RNA. Phenylalanine Ribosome m. RNA Start codon t. RNA

TRANSLATION: PROTIEN SYNTHESIS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Lysine Protein Synthesis t. RNA Translation direction m. RNA Ribosome

TRANSLATION: CONTINUES The process continues until the ribosome reaches a Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome t. RNA m. RNA

Codon GENES AND PROTIEN DNA Single strand of DNA Codon m. RNA Protein Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http: //www. biologyjunction. com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent. htm Alanine Arginine Leucine Amino acids within a polypeptide