From crime in the community to community crime

From crime in the community to community crime control: New directions in criminological theory and crime management Jon Bannister Simon Mackenzie SCCJR, Crime and Communities network

The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research • A partnership forged between Glasgow, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow Caledonian Universities in alliance with Aberdeen, Dundee, Strathclyde and St Andrew’s Universities

SCCJR • Resources • Research themes • Civic criminology

Crime and Communities • Community as offender, victim, cause and solution • (In)civility: the anti-social and the pro-social • Community safety and community crime control: practical solutions

Crime in the community: new directions in criminological theory Tolerance and Anti-Social Behaviour Jon Bannister

Tolerance • Tolerance as a deliberative, moral and/or practical choice • Tolerance as a British virtue and value? • Tolerance as a legacy of New Labour?

Intolerance • Evidence of rising intolerance (perceived and real): anti-social behaviour, disorder and conflict • Falling thresholds of tolerance?

The Forces Shaping Tolerance • A culture of individualism • Economic insecurity • Pluralism (globalisation and migration)

Policies Shaping Tolerance • The urban policy paradox: celebrating difference, purifying space • The absence of space for social encounters (physical and metaphorical)

A Cycle of Intolerance • • Sight, sound, stereotype Lack of evident common values The ‘other’ as increasingly threatening ‘Defining down deviance’, collective action and conflict

Community crime control: new directions in crime management Community and Reciprocity Simon Mackenzie

Civility as contribution An action scale of contribution Civility as a public good A B C D Civility E F G H Enforcement (e. g. bystander intervention) Performance (e. g. acting civil)

Self-interest vs Reciprocity People are fundamentally self-interested, aren’t they? No. self-------strong--------total co-op/ interest reciprocity altruism

Reciprocity: definitions Reciprocity is the propensity to reward kind and punish unkind behaviour of others. Strong reciprocity is a predisposition to co-operate with others, and to punish (at personal cost, if necessary) those who violate the norms of co-operation, even where it is implausible to expect that these costs will be recovered at a later date. Strong reciprocators are conditional co-operators and altruistic punishers.

Practical implications of these models – Development of mutual trust, norms of fairness and cooperation – Visibility: Strategies needed to intensify contact and communication among potential cooperators – Ownership: a significant stake in the public good created – Esteem: reciprocity theory prioritises the desire for social esteem in the individual as a motivator for upholding one’s side of reciprocal bargains.

Community policing rather than community policing • CAPS – Advisory councils and beat officers – Operation Beat Feet; March for Peace; Good Guys Loitering – Citizen evidence gathering and private shaming

www. sccjr. ac. uk s. mackenzie@lbss. gla. ac. uk j. bannister@socsci. gla. ac. uk