From Childhood through Adulthood Nutrition BIOL 103 Chapter

From Childhood through Adulthood Nutrition BIOL 103, Chapter 13 -1

Today’s Topic • Childhood Nutrition • Introduction to Adolescence Nutrition

Childhood • Childhood vs. Adolescence: – Childhood: _______________ – Adolescence: ______________ • Category of Childhood: – Toddlers: 1 -3 years old – Preschoolers: 4 -5 years old – School-aged children: 6 -10 years old

Energy and Nutrient Needs During Childhood • Energy and Protein – Total energy requirements gradually _____ – _____ and grams protein per kg of body weight ______ from infancy • Vitamins and Minerals – Variety of foods needed – Assess _______ intake • Iron deficiency can impair a child’s __________, focus, ability to learn. • American children do not consistently met dietary recommendations for fruits, grain, and dairy group.

Childhood • Vitamin and Mineral Supplements – Recommended balance of food groups for kids is _______ adults. – Who should receive supplements?

Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake (PS#13, Qa and Qb) • Toddler’s food habits are usually _____ • Idea is to promote _________________________ – Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits ______, _________, and __________ environment. • Examples: age-appropriate support, healthful food and beverage choices, positive structure. – Kids are responsible for _______ and _______

Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake • External factors 1. Television • Why? 2. Environmental factors: • Social environments and parties rarely have _______ in the menu exposure to unhealthy food

Nutritional Concerns of Childhood 1. Malnutrition and hunger – ________: people who take in enough _______ but have diets of ____________ that do not met all daily requirements. • In US, food insecurity affects 17 million children that live in 4 million households – Federal assistance programs: • • ____________ (formerly the Food Stamp Program) ___________________ Breakfast and Summer Food Service Program

Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 2. Food and behavior – ______ in soft drinks and energy drinks make children jittery and interfere with sleep. – Foods associated with __________ • Definition: a maladaptive and abnormal increase in activity that is inconsistent with ___________. • Examples: frequent fidgeting, inappropriate running, excessive talking, and difficulty in engaging in quiet activities. – Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • No solid proof that ADHD is associated with ______ • _________and _______ may enhance hyperactive behaviors (further research needed)

Nutrition Concerns of Childhood (PS#13, Q 2) 3. Childhood overweight – ~____% of children age 2 -19 years are overweight or obese – Programs designed to treat childhood obesity generally provide ______ modification and ______ counseling, instead of _______________or ________. • Usual strategy: _______ and ________________

Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 4. Nutrition and chronic disease – Eating with adults ___________ • Infants/Toddlers need ______ in their diet for growth, organ protection, and CNS development • Children 2+ should consume diet ____ in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol to reduce risks for __________. – Q: What are some examples of chronic diseases? – Dietary Guidelines for Americans • AAP recommends ________children with family history of _____________

Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 5. Lead toxicity – How? Plumbing of old homes, old paint, house dust in homes with cracked or peeling lead-based paint, soil, etc. – Can lead to: • Slow growth • ______deficiency anemia • Damage to _______ learning disabilities – Low ____________ intakes increase lead absorption

Nutrition Concerns of Childhood • Vegetarianism – Nutrients to emphasize 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. _______________ ________: may need to take supplements since ther are risks associated with prolonged direct sun exposure.

Figure 13. 4 Factors that contribute to childhood obesity Childhood obesity is on the rise, and it ______ children to _____ when they become adults.

Adolescence • Adolescence: time between onset of puberty and adulthood – Puberty: period of life during which the ______ sex characteristics develop and the ability to _______ is attained. • Maturation process includes both _________ and _______ maturation

Adolescence • Physical growth and development – Height: • For girls: begins between 10 -11 yrs – 6 inches in height, 35 lbs in weight 1. Peak one year before ___________ 2. _____inches during the remainder of adolescence • For boys: begins between 12 -13 yrs – 8 inches in height, 45 lbs in weight – Thus, an malnourished adolescent may not achieve his/her full potential height when growth period is over.

Adolescence • Physical growth and development – Changes in body composition • Boys: increase in __________ • Girls: increase in _____, specifically around hips, buttocks, upper arms, breasts, upper back. – Changes in emotional maturity • Psychological development affects food choices, eating habits, body images.

Nutrient Needs of Adolescents • Energy and protein – Highest ______and ____ grams per day than at any other time of life (exception of pregnancy and lactation) • Vitamins and minerals – Nutrients of concern:

Nutrition Needs of Adolescents • Influences on Adolescent Food Intake – Examples? – Environment: School cafeteria and vending machines selling sports drinks, added-sugar beverages, and high fat meals/snacks.

Figure 13. 7 Factors that influence adolescent food choices Social, cultural, psychological factors, especially peer pressure, strongly influence adolescent food choices.