From chica tapas and jojoba to paso doble

“From chica, tapas and jojoba to paso doble and olé: the Spanish Influence on the English Vocabulary since 1901” Julia Schultz Heidelberg University

Agenda I. Sources of Spanish borrowings II. The proportions of recent Spanish borrowings in the different areas and spheres of life III. The contextual use of Spanish borrowings – some representative examples IV. Conclusion Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 2

I. Sources of Spanish borrowings Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 3

Sources of Spanish borrowings • Oxford English Dictionary Online as a valuable tool for a comprehensive record of recent Spanish borrowings into English; • Overall number of borrowings adopted into English since 1901: 525 lexical items Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 4

II. The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings in the different areas and spheres of life Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 5

Technology and electronics (0. 6%) Archaeology (0. 8%) Miscellaneous (1. 9%) Mathematics and the humanities (5. 7%) Leisure and pleasure (11. 6%) The natural sciences (12. 2%) Civilization and politics (13. 7%) The fine arts and crafts (15. 4%) Gastronomy (17. 3%) People and everyday life (20. 8%) Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 6

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (1) Technology and electronics (3 borrowings, i. e. 0. 6%), e. g. calandria (1929). (2) Archaeology (4 borrowings, i. e. 0. 8%), e. g. naveta (1902). (3) Mathematics and the humanities (30 borrowings, i. e. 5. 7%) (3. 1) Mathematics and logic (1 borrowing), e. g. tilde (first recorded as a term in mathematics and logic in 1958). (3. 2) Theology, church, and religion (9 borrowings), e. g. liberation theology (1970). (3. 3) Language and linguistics (20 borrowings), e. g. pochismo (1944). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 7

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (4) Leisure and pleasure (61 borrowings, i. e. 11. 6%) (4. 1) Tourism (3 borrowings), e. g. turismo (1926); costa (1964). (4. 2) Entertainment and leisure activities (4 borrowings), e. g. despedida (1929); telenovela (1961). (4. 3) Games and gambling (6 borrowings), e. g. canasta (1948). (4. 4) Sports (8 borrowings), e. g. futsal (1987); galactico (2003). (4. 5) Bullfighting (40 borrowings), e. g. olé (1914); media vuelta (1932). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 8

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (5) The natural sciences (64 borrowings, i. e. 12. 2%) (5. 1) Mineralogy (2 borrowings), e. g. coronadite (1904). (5. 2) Biology (2 borrowings), e. g. nucleolonema (1951). (5. 2. 1) Zoology (12 borrowings), e. g. vaquita (1933). (5. 2. 2) Botany (28 borrowings), e. g. pinto bean (1913), calabaza (1970). (5. 3) Medicine (12 borrowings), e. g. turista (1970). (5. 4) Geology and geography (8 borrowings), e. g. La Niña (1981). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 9

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (6) Civilization and politics (72 borrowings, i. e. 13. 7%) (6. 1) Economy and business (4 borrowings), e. g. maquiladora (1978). (6. 2) Security and criminalistics (8 borrowings), e. g. Paraffin test (1935); Seguridad (1937). (6. 3) Insurrection, revolution, war, and the military (24 borrowings), e. g. fifth column (1936); silo (adopting a meaning from war and the military in 1958); Shining Path (1982). (6. 4) Administration, government, and politics (36 borrowings), e. g. poblacion (1911); Fidelism (1959). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 10

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (7) The fine arts and crafts (eighty-one borrowings, i. e. 15. 4%) (7. 1) Architecture and interior furnishing (3 borrowings), e. g. modernista (1924); vargueño (1911). (7. 2) Literature (6 borrowings), e. g. cosmovision (1969). (7. 3) The arts and crafts (10 borrowings), e. g. santero (1931); Picassoesque (1931). (7. 4) Dance (22 borrowings), e. g. rumba (1912); paso doble (1927); cha-cha (1954). (7. 5) Music (40 borrowings), e. g. bongo (1920); clave (1928); mariachi (1929). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 11

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (8) Gastronomy (91 borrowings, i. e. 17. 3%) (8. 1) Kitchen utensils (4 borrowings), e. g. molcajete (1906). (8. 2) Restaurants and taverns (6 borrowings), e. g. taqueria (1982). (8. 3) Wine (7 borrowings), e. g. rosado (1956); cava (1978). (8. 4) Drink (15 borrowings), e. g. piña colada (1920). (8. 4. 1) Tobacco and intoxicants (8 borrowings), e. g. pot (1938); pasta basica (1981). (8. 5) Cookery (51 borrowings), e. g. guacamole (1920); tapas (1953); fajita (1971). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 12

The proportions of the recent Spanish borrowings (9) People and everyday life (109 borrowings, i. e. 20. 8%) (9. 1) Habitation and buildings (2 borrowings), e. g. finca (1909). (9. 2) Monetary units (3 borrowings), e. g. inti (1985). (9. 3) Transport and travelling (5 borrowings), e. g. autopista (1928). (9. 4) Fashion, clothing, footwear, and accessories (11 borrowings), e. g. chino(s) (1943); fashionista, (1992). (9. 5) Agriculture, animal husbandry, farming, and horse riding (15 borrowings), e. g. bolo (1901); charro (1926); Dogo Argentino (1989). (9. 6) Communication (20 borrowings), e. g. hasta la vista (1935); salud (1938). (9. 7) Society, human behaviour, characteristics, and feelings (53 borrowings), e. g. chica (1907); machismo (1941); Latino (1946). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 13

III. The contextual use of Spanish borrowings – some representative examples Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 14

The contextual use of Spanish borrowings � Local colour In a 2016 article from the London Evening Standard, for instance, the use of Spanish borrowings renders the depiction of a Cuban setting more picturesque and authentic: London Evening Standard, November 4, 2016; “Dancing in Cuba: find your inner salsero in Havana; Music is part of Cuba’s identity, and you can’t help but move to the beat. Jane Cornwell heads to Havana to learn from the best” Manchester-born, London-based, she has been visiting Cuba for almost two decades with her dance holiday company Key 2 Cuba, and the package holiday outfit Captivating Cuba, helping scores of goofy-footed gringos find their inner salsero … “Show off! Be confident! Enjoy your body!” Kerry tells us. Then she teaches us the basics of rumba, the rootsy Afro-Cuban dance performed with bent knees, angled elbows, swishy skirts (for women) and sudden, alarming pelvic thrusts (for men) … Between reviving rounds of mojitos and Cuba libres (or, if you like, rum and coke) we dance with gusto, shimmying here, rumba-ing there, darting about the dancefloor with our nimble Cuban dance partners. (Lexis. Nexis) � Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 15

The contextual use of Spanish borrowings � Tone Some borrowings are recorded in contexts that reveal cultural stereotyping (e. g. mañana, machismo). In the following recent newspaper article, for instance, providing a portrayal of a Mexican locality, mañana is used allusively in English with reference to the fact that procrastination is a typical feature of Mexican people. Machismo constitutes a further property that is in some cases stereotypically associated with Mexican culture. There is quite often a critical tone noticeable in the relevant usage examples, as in: Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 16

The contextual use of Spanish borrowings � The Sun Herald (Sydney, Australia), March 28, 2004: “Fun, fire and fajitas” Venture south of Mexico City and you’ll find colour and excitement, writes Hilary Doling. MEXICO is hot, hot. The weather, the food, the people everything has a touch of spice. The parched desert, the fiery fajitas, the scorching senoritas and the bite of tequila as it hits an empty stomach. It is the kind of country that grabs you by the throat and shakes you or perhaps that’s just effect of the chillies in the cooking. On the downside of course, nothing ever happens on time (manana, manana), machismo is rife and the capital city is pollution central. Still I defy you to leave without a passion for the place. (Lexis. Nexis) Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 17

The contextual use of Spanish borrowings � Vividness Example: rodeo Rodeo can be used metaphorically and allusively in English, denoting an action, a locality or an occurrence which is considered bold, exuberant, untamed or furious etc. , as in: � 1940 Sun (Baltimore) September 11, 1/7. Nazi bombers smashed at London with increasing violence early today in their fourth consecutive dusk-to-dawn rodeo of destruction. � 1993 Men’s Health October, 25/2. It is a grueling three-hour rodeo through some of the cruelest country on earth—a route that arcs along a high-wire rock rib a thousand feet above a river. Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 18

Conclusion • A striking feature of the Spanish vocabulary introduced into English in recent times is its great diversity. • It ranges from words which describe a variety of aspects of everyday life to specialized, technical terms that the average speaker of English does normally not encounter. • Typical stylistic uses of the words under review are local colour, tone (cultural stereotyping) and vividness. Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 19

References Durkin, P. 1999. ‘Root and Branch: Revising the etymological component of the OED. ’ Transactions of the Philological Society, 97, 1 -49. Durkin, P. 2014. Borrowed Words. A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Murray, J. & Bradley, H. & Craigie, W. & Onions, C. (eds. ) 1884 -1933. The Oxford English Dictionary; Supplement (1972 -86), ed. by Burchfield, R. ; Second ed. (1989), ed. by Simpson, J. and Weiner, E. ; Additions Series (1993 -1997), ed. by Simpson, J. , Weiner, E. and Proffitt, M. ; Third ed. (in progress) OED Online (March 2000 -), ed. by Simpson, J. Oxford. Quirk, R. et al. 2008. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. 22 nd impr. , Harlow: Longman. Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 20

References Rodríguez González, F. (ed. ) (1996): Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency towards Hegemony Reversal. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Suárez-Gómez, C. (2012): “English in contact with other European languages. ” In: Bergs, A. – Brinton, L. (eds. ) (2012): Historical Linguistics of English: An International Handbook. Volume II, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1738 -1753. Traugott, E. C. (2006): “Semantic change: bleaching, strengthening, narrowing, extension”, in: Brown, K. (ed. ) (2006): Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second ed. , Oxford: Elsevier, vol. xi: 124131. Traugott, E. C. – Dasher, R. B. (2005): Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (reprint 2007). Spanish Influence on English – Julia Schultz 21