French Muslims French Islam Michel Mounir BONDURAND MOUAWAD
French Muslims & French Islam Michel Mounir BONDURAND MOUAWAD Université Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle
FRENCH ISLAM OUTLINE • 1. French Muslims: Overview of Geography & Sociology • II. A Very Short Introduction to Islam • III. French Inputs In Contemporary Islamic Theology • IV. French Salifism, French Jihadism: French Radical Muslims
FRENCH MUSLIMS: OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY & SOCIOLOGY
FAITH & PRACTICE
FRENCH ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS • CFCM: Conseil Français du Culte Musulman ★ Funded in 2003 under the supervision of Nicolas Sarkozy ★Ruled by foreigners with connections to the past colonial empire • UOIF (1983): Union des Organisations Islamiques de France / 2017: Musulmans de France • CTMF: Conseil théologique musulman de France (2015)
ISLAM IN FRANCE VERSUS FRENCH ISLAM
ISLAM: OBSESSION VS REALITY
ORIGINS OF ISLAM 6 th Century
MUHAMMAD • 570 (approx. ): birth • Raised by Abû Tâlib • Marriage with Khadîja • 610 (approx. ): beginning of revelation
MUHAMMAD • First converts: • Khadîja • Zayd • `Ali • Waraqa ibn Naufal • Abû Bakr
MUHAMMAD • 619 : death of Khadîja & d’Abû Tâlib. • 620 : meets pilgrims from Yathrib • 622 : HIJRA/hijrî • 623 -629: wars against Mecca • 630: Pilgrimage to Mecca • 632 : Death
R SHIDÛN CALIPHS • Abu Bakr : 632 -634 • ‘Umar: 634 - 644 • ‘Uthman: 644 -656 • Ali ibn Abi Tâlîb: 656 -661 ★ First Fitna and division between Sunni and Chi’i
FRANCE & ISLAM • Southwest under Muslim rules (Middle Ages) • François Ier / Soliman the Magnificent • Bonapart in Egypt (17981799) • The conquest of Algeria (1830)
RELIGION Coran / Sunna
THE QORAN • 652: debut of collection under Othman • 114 sûrât (chapters) divided into ayyât (verses) • First surat : Fâtiha
THE QORAN • Longer sûrât (622 -632) = Medina • Shoter sûrât (612 -622) = Mecca • Theological debate: created/uncreated Qoran?
SUNNA • Words and actions of the Prophet • 6 compliations (Bûkhârî, Muslîm) • Hadîth comes in two parts: • chain of warrants • text
THE FIVE PILLARS 1. Chahâda ( «There is no God but God and Muhammad is -His- Prophet» ) «La ‘illâh ‘ill Allâh wa Muhammad Rasûl ullâh»
THE FIVE PILLARS 2. Five prayers (Dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, night) • ablutions • qibla • positions • call: minaret + muezzin
THE FIVE PILLARS 3. Ramadhan (fast) 4. Zakat (giving) 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
4 JURISPRUDENCE SCHOOLS 8 TH-9 TH CENTURY ASH-SHARI’A • HANEFITE (mainly in non Arab countries) • MALEKITE (mainly North Africa) • CHAFI`ITE (Egypt, Syria, Indonesia, Malaysia) • HANBALITE (most conservative, Saudi Arabia) ★ Ibn Hanbal versus Mu’tazilites (8 th century)
LAW SOURCES 1. Qoran 2. Sunna 3. IJMA` = unanimity among scholars 4. QIY S = analogy (includes IJTIH D) 11 th century : closure of the doors of ijtihâd (abwâb alijtihâd)
FRENCH INPUTS IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC THEOLOGY
ISLAMIC EXISTENTIALISM: A CALL FOR EUROPEAN ISLAM • Philosopher, Activist, radio anchor • Self islam = European islam ✴Free choice of faith ✴Individual freedom / modern democracy ✴No essence in islam
ISLAMIC FEMINISM • islam as empowerment and agency • Feminist readings of the texts (Qoran, hadiths…) = ijtihâd • Groups: Musulmanes en mouvement • Postcolonial feminism: race, religion, cause Hanane Karimi Amina Wudud (USA)
LGBTQ FRENCH MUSLIMS • Ludovic Mohamed ZAHED • HM 2 F • Inclusive Mosque • Gay religious marriage
HALAL & VEGAN MUSLIMS • Halal: a history of French scandals • halal, the animal cause & the food industry • halal, vegan and modernity
FRENCH SALAFISM, FRENCH JIHADISM
BILINGUAL LEXICON • islam / Musulman-e / Muslim • islam / islamique / islamic • Islam/Islamique / musulman-e / islamicate • islamisme / islamiste / islam politique / islamism / islamist
SALAFISM / JIHADISM
GENDER AND SALAFISM
GENDER AND SALAFISM
HIJAB? OR NOT? Jennifer Lopez, Dubaï, 2004
HOW TO UNDO RADICALISM? • Olivier Roy: « It is not the radicalization of islam. It is the islamization of radically. » 2016 • Prisons versus Centers for deradicalization • « Qui est Charlie? » Emmanuel Todd (2015)
ISLAM IN FRANCE VERSUS FRENCH ISLAM
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