Fredericksburg December 13 1862 After ANTIETAM the SOUTH

Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 • After ANTIETAM, the SOUTH WINS two major victories in Virginia under Generals Lee & Jackson • Fredericksburg - December 1862. • Union General Burnside led a march on Richmond - was delayed for more than 2 weeks due to late supplies. • General Lee positioned his army, deploying snipers to easily pick off Federal troops. • Many Union soldiers were left in the open after crossing military pontoon bridges, becoming easy prey for Confederate troops. • Burnside had no choice but to order a retreat with the remnants of his army – fired by Lincoln.

CHANCELLORSVILLE May, 1863 • North’s Gen. Hooker lost 17, 000 men to an army half his size (Hooker fired) • South’s Gen. Stonewall Jackson was killed at this battle • Lee is encouraged to try invading the North again

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

GETTYSBURG July 1 -3, 1863 M South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76, 000 M North - General Meade – 92, 000 men M South takes town & force North to high ground MSouth spends next 2 days trying to take the position MNORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses MSouth lost 10, 000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone MSouth - 28, 000 lost; North – 23, 000 lost MTURNING POINT - loss from which the South could never recover MLee’s 2 nd & final invasion of the North M Lee retreated on July 4, 1863 M Again, Meade doesn’t pursue – 2 more years of war

Pickett’s Charge

Gettysburg Casualties

Clara Barton & the Red Cross • Clara Barton's civil war work began in April 1861. After the Battle of Bull Run, she worked to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers and had special permission to travel freely behind the lines and put herself in danger. • Common sense practices: triage, clean bandages, everyone trained in basic first aid. • 20, 000 women become nurses • After the war she founded the Red Cross in 1861, to provide emergency relief in disasters and times of war. • She served as director until her death

The Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 The speech contains only 272 words, but is considered by most historians to be one of the greatest speeches in American History.

VICKSBURG - May 2 -July 4, 1863 • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the North • North is seeking full control of the Miss. River & Grant had made 5 attempts to capture Vicksburg • Grant surrounds the city & bombards them for more than 6 weeks -- starves them out • NORTH WINS & now has total control of the MS River & has cut the S in two -- cut off from TX & AR, its major food source

THE CIVIL WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT Economies CONFEDERATES • Inflation; high prices • Collapse of South’s transportation • Little industry • Many food shortages – led to food riots • Southern morale down UNION • Booming economy • Growing industry – troops well supplied • Many women workers – Invention of sewing machine • Agricultural technology

Life of a Soldier • Romantic notion war was great, shattered by large casualties at battles • Many were ill-equipped and homesick • Lack of food - staples were beans, salted pork & hard tack • Soldiers often seized food along the way • Confederates had even less often lacked basics such as boots • Many deserted and went home

Civil War Amputation Kit A good surgeon took ~10 minutes to amputate a leg.

By the end of the Civil War, there was over 60, 000 amputations performed Battlefield medicine did grow becoming very important. -later part of the war bromine is used as an antiseptic and gangrene is rare -3/4 of amputee patients survive

NORTH AND SOUTH ADOPT CONSCRIPTION • Because of the enormous loss of lives on both sides, the Union and the Confederacy were forced to adopt “conscription” – A military draft • Confederacy drafted all ablebodied men ages 17 -50 • Union drafted all able-bodied men ages 20 -45 – Any person in the Union could buy their way out of being drafted for $300

NEW YORK DRAFT RIOTS!! • New York had thousands of immigrants living in the city who had no ties to either side of the fighting • July 13 -16, 1863 – mostly Irish immigrants took to the streets in protest against the draft • They burned government buildings, newspaper offices and homes of rich citizens • By the end of the day on July 16, New York City lay in ruins

CHATTANOOGA • • • November 1863 Chattanooga, TN -- a major rail center Grant & Rosecrans for the N Bragg for S N drives S out of TN and back to GA Only 4 states left to conquer : GA, SC, NC & VA • Grant becomes Supreme Commander – goes to VA to crush Lee • ENTER SHERMAN for GA & Carolinas!

Battle of Olustee Florida, Feb. 1864 Union troops in Jacksonville & head west 5500 men & 16 cannons Confederates draw Union forces to Olustee Swamp on one side, lake on the other, narrow passageway in between Union forces withdraw Sent 54 th Massachusetts & Montgomery’s Brigade out to cover the retreat Casualties: Confederates: 946; Union: 1, 861 Union forces in Jacksonville until end of war…. but never ventured out in significant force again

Battles of Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor • Grant head commander of Union forces by 1864 – No turning back! • Battles in May 1864 in VA between Grant & Lee • Wilderness – firing so heavy woods catch on fire; many burn alive – Longstreet killed here by “friendly fire” • Catastrophic Union losses at Wilderness but Grant kept going after Lee despite them; much criticism from N • Cold Harbor - 7, 000 Union dead in 20 minutes! – Total losses from both sides of 15, 500 (N-13, 000 / S-2, 500) – Union soldiers pinned their names on their uniforms so…. – Grant considers this battle his greatest mistake • Grant hasn’t defeated Lee so … by June 1864, puts Richmond under siege.

Battle of Atlanta • Sherman moves south from TN • Captured Atlanta by Sept. 1864; occupied it until Nov. & then burned it down • Major effect: – This victory helped Lincoln win reelection in November 1864

Sherman’s March to the Sea • Vowed to “make GA howl” • Cut a 60 -mile wide, 300 mile long path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah – TOTAL WAR! • Took Savannah in Dec. 1864 • Sherman offers Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present • Sherman now heads through SC & NC to meet up with Grant in VA and continues his path of total destruction

Sherman’s Neckties As the Union army moved through the South, they would destroy train tracks by heating up the rails and bending them into a bow which became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”

THE SURRENDER • April 9, 1865 • Appomattox Court House, VA • Generous surrender terms: – Men could go home if they promised to quit fighting – Officers could keep their pistols – Soldiers could keep their horses • Very somber, formal, dignified • All other S generals had surrendered by June

Assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865 President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War. He was killed on April 14, 1865 while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre with his wife and two other people. He was watching the play Our American Cousin when he was shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth was loyal to the Confederacy and felt that they could rise again if Lincoln was dead. Booth jumped out of the balcony and broke his ankle, but managed to get away. Lincoln died the next morning due to his fatal wound.

The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators The conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd. The eight people were tried in a military tribunal court because the government felt that the nature of the case required the use of this court. A majority vote would result in a guilty verdict, while a two-thirds majority would be a death sentence. All eight were found guilty, with Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot all being sentenced to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison, while the last three were pardoned by President Andrew Johnson.

ANDERSONVILLE

Original Andersonville Plan § Planned to hold 10, 000 men. § Had over 32, 000 at one time.

Capt. Henry Wirz • Executed for conspiracy/murder in his command of Andersonville

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Legacy of the War The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history. It has been referred to as “The War Between the States”, “The Brother’s War” and the “War of Northern Aggression”. More than 600, 000 Americans lost their lives with countless others severely wounded. The results of this struggle would be the 13 th , 14 th and 15 th Amendments to the U. S. Constitution which outlawed slavery, made African Americans U. S. citizens and granted African American males the right to vote. While African Americans would be forced to wait nearly a hundred more years for equal treatment under the law, the Civil War settled once and for all the question of slavery and the supremacy of the Federal government.