FRBROO Modelling Intellectual Processes The objectorient FRBR Model

FRBROO Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model TPDL 2011 Martin Doerr Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas Helsinki, Finland June 10, 2012 1

FRBROO Outline: ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Logic of integrating library and museum information The CRM-FRBR Harmonization Project Interpretation of FRBR Group-1 entities A process view of intellectual content creation Container Work and incorporation Identifier creation Conclusions CIDOC June 10, 2012 2

FRBROO n Library and Museum Information Libraries and museums have complementary roles: ¡ Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it. ¡ Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects. ¡ Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature. ¡ Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do. ¡ Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information n There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information. n DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD, CIDOC CRM. CIDOC June 10, 2012 3

FRBROO Libraries provide Epistemology of Integration Museums publish document features & context finding aids illustrate, exemplify Books using refer to Objects, Sites contain narratives made from are about document manage Archives provide finding aids SMRs primary Documents CIDOC June 10, 2012 4

FRBROO n The “Harmonization” Project 2003 -2011 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation: ¡ ¡ ¡ A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group. To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM. Reengineering from FRBR text as empirical base, and adaptation of CRM to cover new higher-level abstractions emerging from FRBR ontological interpretation Produced in 2009 FRBROO Work is continuing with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) and FRSAD (Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data) CIDOC June 10, 2012 5

FRBROO n The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) ¡ ¡ n n CRM a core ontology initially aiming at integrating cultural heritage information existing documentation Innovations: ¡ centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time. ¡ explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified. ¡ typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the culturalhistorical discourse. Lacks: a model of intellectual work CIDOC June 10, 2012 6

FRBROO n The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) ¡ developed 1992 -1997 by IFLA (now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for (Subject) Authority Data (FRAD/FRSAD) ¡ A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation : 4+6 Entities, 97 attributes, 34 relationships ¡ Based on new requirement to make derivation/intellectual relations/equivalences accessible to bibliographic access/search? ¡ n n FRBR Might result in a new library practice Innovations: ¡ Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item (precise distinctions debated for many years). ¡ Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels. Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind. CIDOC June 10, 2012 7

FRBROO FRBR : Abstraction Levels has part “a distinct intellectual or artistic creation… there is no single material object one can point to as the work. . . ” Work is realized through (is a realization of) has part “the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc” “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics… …may be only a single physical exemplar…” “a single exemplar of a manifestation. . . ” CIDOC June 10, 2012 Expression is embodied in (is the embodiment of ) Manifestation has part has a complement has a successor has a summary has a supplement has a transformation has adaptation has an imitation is exemplified by (exemplifies ) Item has part 8

FRBROO n Conception of FRBROO The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is an ontology of ¡ ¡ a material and phenomenological view of the past in terms of discrete things and processes in a human-centric, mesoscopic scale It provides an explanation of concepts and statements appearing in documentation, not a theory of the world n ¡ ¡ ¡ example: we need not decide whether an object carries information or not, we need to decide what it means that someone says it carries this particular information…. As long as memory institutions and researchers document things without explicit representation of things like “zeitgeist” and telepathy, intellectual relations are mediated by material processes only. This phenomenological view constrains intellectual content, processes and communication. Therefore the CRM view is in principle suited as superontology for FRBROO CIDOC June 10, 2012 9

FRBROO n Scope of FRBROO: ¡ ¡ ¡ n Conception of FRBROO processes creating and mediating content, evidence of content, inferred abstraction of content (expression => work!) Innovations: ¡ ¡ ¡ Theory of identifying immaterial objects Connecting material and intellectual production (“externalization”) Explicating the publication work (publishing houses, graphics designers, illustrators) Coherent theory of performances, content and recordings A new intellectual content relationship: “incorporation” ! Adaptation of CRM: n n (Information Object => Propositional /Symbolic divide) Identifier definition & construction (librarians have the best models of identifiers!) CIDOC June 10, 2012 10

FRBROO Interpretation of Work / Expression Concepts n The substance of Work is propositions (the “ideas”). Only through the comprehension of the propositions is derivation possible! E 89 Propositional Object R 1 is logical successor of (has successor) R 2 is derivative of (has derivative) F 1 Work n n Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”) Complex Work: Coherent set of Individual Works ¡ n n The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function. “Complete” – either according to the author or unfinished. Expression Fragment: Any piece, in relation to the whole. CIDOC June 10, 2012 F 14 Individual Work E 73 Information Object R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) Self-Contained Expression: Evidence of Individual Work ¡ n F 15 Complex Work Continuation (possibly by others), derivatives, complements, alternatives, translations! The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). ¡ R 10 has member (is member of) F 2 Expression R 3 is realized in (realizes) R 5 has component (is component of) F 22 Self Contained Expression R 15 has fragment (is fragment of) F 23 Expression Fragment 11

FRBROO Clarification of Manifestation Concepts n Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) ¡ Note the polysemy of an industrial product type and the information content which is part of its features! F 2 Expression E 55 Type R 4 comprises carriers of F 3 Manifestation Product Type immaterial n An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type E 84 Information Carrier n A Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e. g. inscription) R 7 is example of (has example) CIDOC June 10, 2012 Item P 128 carries (is carried by) E 24 Physical Man-Made Stuff material Manifestation Singleton 12

FRBROO Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass ! E 55 Type Metaclasses E 19 Physical Object F 5 Item Inherits from E 19 Physical Object: P 57 has number of parts of e ) l p le am mp x e xa is s e 7 R (ha F 3 Manifestation Product Type instances CLP 57 should have number of parts ISBN: 960 -86830 -0 -9 P 57 has number of parts CP L 57 Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type. This is simulated by property R 7 “R 7 is example of” = instances Individual copies 1 2 sho uld hav en um E 60 Number 3 … n ber of p art s 2 particulars P 57 has number of parts CIDOC June 10, 2012 13

FRBROO F 1 Work R 16 init iated (was init iated by ) by out d e i ) carr med P 14 perfor ( E 39 Actor The Process View: “Externalization” F 27 Work Conception E 52 Time … P 14 c arrie (perf d out by orme d) P 4 has time-span (is time-span of) P 7 … P 4 F 28 Expression Creation R 19 created a realisation of (was realised through) P 7 took place at (witnessed) R 17 (was create d crea ted b y) R 18 created (was created by) F 4 Manifestation Singleton E 53 Place F 2 Expression Work elaboration Work conception Expression creation time produces a work produces an idea CIDOC June 10, 2012 Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton 14

FRBROO The Externalization A Causal Interpretation of FRBR E 65 Creation E 28 Conceptual Object F 28 Expression Creation R 4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) R 19 created a realization of (was realised through) F 1 Work F 22 Self Contained Expression E 24 Physical Man-Made Thing R 18 created (was created by) F 23 Expression Fragment F 32 Carrier Production Event R 28 produced (was produced by) F 2 Expression F 14 Individual Work CIDOC June 10, 2012 F 3 Manifestation Production Type R 17 created (was created by) R 9 is realised in (realises) F 15 Complex Work E 12 Production E 84 Information Carrier R 7 is example of (has example) F 4 Manifestation Singleton F 5 Item 15

FRBROO The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis F 15 Complex Work F 19 Publication Work “Oliver Twist” Ideas “Oliver Twist” Publication Concept R 10 has member (is member of) Publisher’s Level R 23 created a realization of (was realized through) R 3 is realized in (realises) F 14 Individual Work F 30 Publication Event “Oliver Twist” Version “Oliver Twist” published! R 3 is realized in (realises) F 22 Self-Contained Expression R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) “Oliver Twist” Text P 128 carries (is carried by) Author’s Level F 4 Manifestation Singleton “Oliver Twist” Manuscript CIDOC June 10, 2012 R 24 created (was created through) F 24 Publication Expression “Oliver Twist” Publication content CLR 6 should carry (should be carried by) R 27 used as source material (was used by) F 3 Manifestation-Product Type “Oliver Twist” Publication R 7 is example of (has example) R 26 produced things of type (was produced by) F 32 Carrier Production Event F 5 Item “Oliver Twist” 20 th Book R 28 produced (was produced by “Oliver Twist” Printing 16

FRBROO Creation View: A Design Pattern Conceptual Objects Activities Physical Objects F 27 Work Conception F 4 Manifestation Singleton R 18 created (was created by) F 28 Expression Creation R 16 initiated (was initiated by) R 3 is realised in R 19 created a realisation of (realises) (was realised through) R 17 created F 2 Expression (was created by) R 16 initiated F 27 Work Conception (was initiated by) R 23 created a realisation of (was realised through) F 30 Publication Event F 3 Manifestation Product Type R 26 produced things of type (was produced by) F 5 Item R 28 produced (was produced by) F 1 Work Identifiable Forms of immaterial objects F 32 Carrier Production Event F 19 Publication Work P 16 used specific object (was used for) R 24 created (was created by) R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) R 3 is realised in (realises) F 24 Publication Expression CLR 6 should carry (should be carried by) R 27 used as source material (was used by) R 29 reproduced (was reproduced by) E 84 Information Carrier R 30 produced (was produced by) CIDOC June 10, 2012 F 33 Reproduction Event 17

FRBROO Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing P 94 has created (was created by) F 30 Publication Event R 24 created (was created through) E 29 Design or Procedure F 24 Publication Expression makes accessible: “how to produce” P 16 used specific object (was used for) P 94 has created (was created by) E 29 Design or Procedure makes accessible: “how to download” F 3 Manifestation-Product Type R 7 is example of R 27 B was used by (has example) (used as source material) R 26 produced things of type R 6 carries (was produced by) (is carried by) F 32 Carrier Production Event Electronic Publishing CLR 6 should carry (should be carried by) R 28 produced (was produced by) F 5 Item “Result of an industrial process” F 5 Item “copy on local carrier” F 30 Publication Event R 24 created (was created through) F 24 Publication Expression R 27 B was used by (used as source material) R 6 carries (is carried by) P 16 used specific object (was used for) F 32 Carrier Production Event CIDOC June 10, 2012 R 28 produced (was produced by) 18

FRBROO Performing Arts : An “Added Value” Chain F 15 Complex Work “Henry IV ” Idea R 10 has member (is member of) F 15 Complex Work F 16 Container Work R 10 has member (is member of) F 15 Complex Work “Henry IV part 1 ” Idea “Henry IV part 2 ” Idea F 21 Recording Work F 20 Performance Work R 2 is derivative of (has derivative) “Henry IV part 1 ” Adaptation R 19 created a realisation of (was realised through) Idea F 28 Expression Creation Adaptation of Henry IV part 1 mise-en-scene action CIDOC June 10, 2012 R 20 recorded (was recorded though) F 31 Performance R 17 created (was created by) F 22 Self-Contained Expression Henry IV part 1 Adaptation Recording Performance 25/12/07 action R 12 is realised in (realises) R 9 is realised in (realises) Text R 22 realised (was realised through) F 29 Recording Event R 19 created a realisation of (was realised through) F 28 Expression Creation R 17 created (was created by) “Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of recording “Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of mise-en-scene F 15 Complex Work Performance 25/12/07 action R 25 performed (was performed in) F 25 Performance Plan R 14 incorporates Henry IV part 1 “mise-en-scène” R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) guidelines R 13 is realised in (realises) R 21 created (was created by) F 26 Recording Henry IV part 1 Play 25/12/07 DVD 19

FRBROO Performance View: A Design Pattern identifiable forms of immaterial objects Conceptual Objects Activities Physical Objects P 16 used specific object (was used for) R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) F 20 Performance Work Participants may write up other memories R 19 created a realisation of (was realised through) R 12 is realised in (realises) R 17 created (was created by) F 28 Expression Creation E 39 Actors F 2 Expression F 25 Performance Plan P 11 had participant (participated in) R 25 performed (was performed in) P 7 took place at (witnessed) E 53 Place F 31 Performance R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) R 20 recorded (was recorded though) F 21 Recording Work COLLOCATION! P 7 took place at (witnessed) F 4 Manifestation Singleton R 18 created (was created by) R 22 realised (was realised through) F 29 Recording Event R 21 created (was created by) R 13 is realised in (realises) F 26 Recording (performances may not be recorded) P 128 carries (is carried by) CIDOC June 10, 2012 20

FRBROO Container Work Example: A Journal Volume F 18 Serial Work F 16 Container Work “ERCIM News ” R 10 has member (is member of) F 19 Publication Work F 17 Aggregation Work F 14 Individual Work “ERCIM vol. May 2011 ” “Special Theme ” “ERCIM vol. May 2011 ” R 3 is realised in (realises) F 28 Expression Creation “Special Theme ” R 3 is realised in (realises) F 22 Self-Contained Expression “ERCIM vol. May 2011 ” R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) P 148 has component (is component of) “ERCIM vol. May 2011 ” R 3 is realised in (realises) R 17 created (was created by) F 28 Expression Creation F 22 Self-Contained Expression Special Theme Text F 22 Self-Contained Expression editorial Text R 14 incorporates (is incorporated in) F 28 Expression Creation R 19 created a realisation of (was realised through) project 1 Text F 22 Self-Contained Expression project 2 Text ……………. F 22 Self-Contained Expression project 3 CIDOC June 10, 2012 Text 21

FRBROO Container Work and Incorporation The collected expressions are integral part of the containing expression The works of the collected expressions do not become part of the container work Work X Work Y R 3 is realised in (realises) F 16 Container Work R 3 is realised in (realises) Overall Expression of Work X R 14 is incorporated in Expression of Work Y CIDOC June 10, 2012 R 3 is realised in (realises) <Additional Expr. > P 148 has component (is component of) Expression of Work X Expression of Work Y 22

FRBROO Specializations of Work and Expression F 21 Recording Work F 15 Complex Work F 18 Serial Work F 19 Publication Work F 16 Container Work F 20 Performance Work E 89 Propositional Object F 14 Individual Work F 17 Aggregation Work F 25 Performance Plan E 29 Design or Procedure E 73 Information Object F 2 Expression F 23 Expression Fragment E 90 Symbolic Object E 41 Appellation F 12 Name CIDOC June 10, 2012 F 22 Self-Contained Expression F 26 Recording F 24 Publication Expression E 42 Identifier F 13 Identifier 23

FRBROO Improving CRM: Identifier Assignment P 1 is identified by (identifies) E 1 CRM Entity E 39 Actor E 29 Design or Procedure F 43 Identifier Rule P 14 carried out by (performed) E 7 Activity P 106 is composed of (forms part of) P 33 used specific technique (was used by) R 52 used rule (was the rule used in P 140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by) E 90 Symbolic Object E 13 Attribute Assignment P 142 used constituent (was used in) R 47 used constituent (was used in) E 41 Appellation F 12 Name P 37 assigned (was assigned by) R 46 assigned (was assigned by) R 45 assigned to (was assigned by) E 15 Identifier Assignment F 40 Identifier Assignment E 42 Identifier F 13 Identifier R 8 consists of (forms part of) property Generalization Adaptations of the CRM CIDOC June 10, 2012 P 38 deassigned (was deassigned by) 24

FRBROO How to identify an Expression, a Work? R 53 assigned (was assigned by) E 39 Actor E 13 Attribute Assignment d igne ) ass ed by 9 4 n R g i ass was ( F 41 Representative Manifestation Assignment y ut b do ) e i r ed ar 3 c rform 4 R (pe R 4 (wa 8 as s a sign ssi e gn d to ed by ) 4 c a (pe rried rfo rm out b ed ) y R 42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation-singleton) F 2 Expression ed ) ign d by s s e 1 a ign R 5 ass as (w F 42 Representative Expression Assignment R 15 is fragment of (has fragment) F 22 Self-Contained Expression F 23 Expression Fragment R 3 is realised in (realises) R 5 (wa 0 assig s as sign n to ed b y ) CIDOC June 10, 2012 F 4 Manifestation-Singleton R 4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of) R 41 has representative manifestation product type (is representative manifestation product type for) F 44 Bibliographic Agency R 4 F 3 Manifestation Product Type F 15 Complex Work R 40 has representative expression (is representative expression of) R 10 has member (is member of) F 1 Work 25

FRBROO Summary of new Activity Concepts F 31 Performance F 42 Representative Expression Assignment E 13 Attribute Assignment F 41 Representative Manifestation Assignment E 15 Identifier Assignment E 7 Activity E 11 Modification F 40 Identifier Assignment E 5 Event F 33 Carrier production Event E 12 Production E 63 Beginning of Existence F 32 Reproduction Event F 28 Expression Creation F 29 Recording Event F 30 Publication Event E 65 Creation F 27 Work Conception E 83 Type Creation CIDOC June 10, 2012 26

FRBROO The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary n Applications: ¡ ¡ Introduces FRBR to Europeana (extremely light-weighted!!) European Projects n n ¡ n CASPAR 3 D-COFORM and others…. . Links: ¡ http: //cidoc. ics. forth. gr CIDOC June 10, 2012 27

FRBROO n The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions Ongoing work: ¡ Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD (subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2. 0 ¡ New concepts: ¡ Name Use Statement = prescribing the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema”, audience and a validity period ¡ Name Use Activity = historical reference to the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema” by some Actors in a particular role or context ¡ Floruit = period of Activity of an Actor in some subject area CIDOC June 10, 2012 28

FRBROO n Conclusions The combined model CRM – FRBROO: ¡ Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization ¡ On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse. ¡ On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM. ¡ n The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR Ongoing work: ¡ Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD (subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2. 0 CIDOC June 10, 2012 29