France Louis XIV 14 th of the Bourbon

France

• Louis XIV (14 th) of the Bourbon Dynasty • The Sun King • L’etat c’est moi • The state is me • (I am France)

The Palace at VERSAILLES • • 700 rooms 67 staircases, 1200 fire places 36, 000 workers to complete 2. 5 billion dollars $$$$$ Over 5, 000 acres of gardens over 1000 fountains Over 700 cooks and servants Exotic plants from all over the world • Amazing amounts of gold • Thousands of windows and chandeliers • Not to mention all the furniture and décor for rooms

Marie Antoinette’s (the queen’s) bedroom

The King’s bedroom

The Hall of Mirrors

The Chapel

One of hundreds of gardens

Life at Versailles

Background to the French Revolution • In 1770, France was still living under the Feudal system and was divided into the • 3 social classes called Estates: • 1 st Estate: The Church • 2 nd Estate: The Nobility 3 rd Estate: Commoners - Bourgeoisie -Artisans and workers - peasants

France’s 3 estates before the French Revolution • 1 st Estate (Church) • 2 nd Estate (Nobility) • 3 rd Estate (commoners) Everyone Else

• The First Estate was formed by the clergy of the Catholic Church. The Church owned about 10% of the land in France and contributed about 2% of their income to the government.

• The Second Estate was made up of the nobility. They made up 2% of the population and owned about 20% of the land in France. They paid little to no taxes.

• Everyone else belonged to the Third Estate. This Estate was made up of three main groups of people. The Bourgeoisie (middle class) included the merchants and artisans. They were well educated and believed in the Enlightenment.

• The second group of people included the workers in the cities; this included the cooks and servants. This group was paid low wages and often out of work, it was common for them to go hungry.

• The third group was the peasants. 21 million people in France, 80% of the population were peasants. Half their income was spent paying taxes. The Third Estate was tired of paying high taxes and they were ready for a change.

Estates General • By the late 1700’s the ideas of the Enlightenment were spreading throughout France. • Also the economy was slowing down and there was a huge shortage of grain.

• France had a huge debt caused by the Royal family’s extravagant spending and loaning millions to George Washington in the American Revolution.

In Sum • The conditions that led to the French Revolution were: • Causes of the French Revolution: • Debt from King Louis’ at his Versailles Palace • crop failures/food shortages • Debt from foreign wars including aiding George Washington in the American Revolution • Many of the Enlightenment writers are French – so these ideas are banging around in the heads of the educated Bourgeoisie • The Americans had a Revolution to break away from a King in 1776 • Why can’t France do the same in 1789?

Complete these sentences: Louis XIV… Marie Antoinette… Versailles… The 3 Estates or people groups of France were… _____ was a factor that helped cause the French Revolution The Bastille… Louis XVI (16 th) … During the Reign of Terror…

Complete these sentences: Napoleon was born in… The reason that we know Napoleon was a good general. … Napoleon was crowned… Napoleon lost most of his Grand army in … After being defeated for the 1 st time Napoleon… Napoleon was defeated for good at…. The island of St. Helena….

• When Louis tried to tax the Second Estate he was forced to call a meeting of the Estates General, this was an assembly of representatives from all three estates.

• The Third Estate voted that they should have more power and that they should form a National Assembly and end France’s absolute monarchy. • Louis responded by trying to lock the Third Estate out of the Estates General.

• The Third Estate broke into an indoor tennis court and promised not to come out until they had written a new constitution, their pledge was called the Tennis Court Oath.

Storming the Bastille (castle prison) • On July 14 th 1789 angry mobs in Paris, mad at bread shortages and acting on false rumors of foreign troops coming to defend Louis • Stormed a prison called “The Bastille” hoping to get gunpowder • The mob killed the prison guards and paraded around with their heads on sticks • Today, July 14 th or “Bastille Day” is celebrated as a national holiday much like the 4 th of July in the United States

What happened to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette? • • • After the Bastille was taken an angry mob marched out to Versailles and raided the palace and took Louis and Marie to Paris (they never returned to Versailles) In 1791 Louis and his family dressed as commoners and tried to escape to the Netherlands. He was caught and then put under arrest. He was later tried for “treason” for trying to get other countries to declare war on France and put him back on the throne He was found guilty and guillotined on January 21 st 1793 That same year Marie Antoinette was also tried for treason and guillotined in October 1793

The Reign of Terror • • • 1793 a radical group called the Jacobins took control of France and ruled as a dictatorship Their leader was Maxmilien Robespierre Their goal was to “purge” France of anything or anyone not totally “with” Le REVOLUTION Changed calendars, created the metric system, closed churches, changed playing cards Set up The Committee for Public Safety – sent out spies everywhere to find “enemies of Le Revolution” Portable guillotines were taken all around France to execute “supposed” enemies Many “enemies” were simply shot Thousands were executed 3000 lost their heads in Paris Estimates put the total number of deaths during the Reign of Terror at 20, 000…. . In ONE year!!!!! People were accusing people left and right and eventually Robespierre, himself, leader of this madness lost his head upon the guillotine

• • The guillotine was invented as a humane and painless method of execution, one that brought an instant death: could the inventors have been wrong? Plenty of anecdotes have been used by all sides, many of them dating from the French Revolution, one of the guillotine's most prolific periods. Scientists who asked their students to watch and record how many times they blinked (the scientists themselves being guillotined), murderers who tried to speak, and rivals who bit each other while their heads were in a bag; all have been cited at some point. One famous tale concerns Charlotte Corday, the killer of Marat, whose cheek supposedly reddened after the executioner slapped it even though, at that point, she was just a severed head being held up to the crowd. The Medical Answer: The current medical consensus is that life does survive, for a period of roughly thirteen seconds, varying slightly depending on the victim's build, health and the immediate circumstances of the decapitation. The simple act of removing a head from a body is not what kills the brain, rather, it is the lack of oxygen and other important chemicals provided in the bloodstream. To quote Dr. Ron Wright "The 13 seconds is the amount of high energy phosphates that the cytochromes in the brain have to keep going without new oxygen and glucose" (Cited from urbanlegends. com, no longer extant). The precise post-execution lifespan will depend on how much oxygen, and other chemicals, were in the brain at the point of decapitation; however, eyes could certainly move and blink.

Napoleon Bonaparte Born on the tiny Mediterranean island of Corsica 5’ 6” but smart!!!! Stopped a rioting mob in Paris and saved the new Republic Went to Egypt to conquer and discover Conquered or controlled most of Europe (but not England) Was crowned Emperor by the Pope at Notre Dame Cathedral As Emperor of France he opened schools, restored the Catholic Church, created a comprehensive law code (Napoleonic Code) that was used in all areas conquered by France (including Louisiana) Invaded Russia and lost his Grand Army to the winter cold Weak from losses in Russia he was defeated by coalition of European nations and sent to a tiny island in the Mediterranean as a sort of an exile He escaped the Island returned to France and regained an army Was defeated by British and Prussian troops at Waterloo, Belgium Sent to a tiny island in the south Atlantic named St. Helena Died of at the age of 52

Napoleon on St. Helena

• A meeting of European leaders • After the defeat of Napoleon • Redrawing the map of Europe

Latin American Independence • A long period of wars followed in America from 1811 to 1829. In South America this period of wars led to the freedom and independenceof Argentina (1810), Paraguay (1811) and Uruguay (1815, but subsequently ruled by Brazil until 1828). José de San Martín campaigned for independence in Chile (1818) and in Peru (1821). Further north, Simón Bolívar led forces that won independence between 1811 and 1825 for the area that became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Per ú and Bolivia (then Alto Perú). In North America, a free-thinking secular priest, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, declared Mexican freedom in 1810 in the Grito de Dolores. Independence actually won in 1821 by royalist army officer turned insurgent, Agustín de Iturbide, in alliance with insurgent Vicente Guerrero and under the Plan of Iguala. The conservative Catholic hierarchy in New Spain supported Mexican independence largely because the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 was abhorrent to it.

Simon Bolivar: South America’s great liberator • Living during the time of the American and French Revolutions • Bolivar lead his armies in South America to fight Spain for the Independence of countries in South America. • He served as President of Gran Colombia from 1821 to 1830, President of Peru from 1824 to 1826, and President of Bolivia from 1825 to 1826. • Bolívar is credited with contributing decisively to the independence of the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia and is often revered as a hero and the "George Washington of Latin America. "