Framework Prejudice Negative Contact Discrimination Stereotypes Discrimination Causes

Framework Prejudice Negative Contact Discrimination Stereotypes

Discrimination Causes of How to reduce it

What is discrimination? • Unequal treatment or behavior toward members of different groups – E. g. , Dear White Boss article, Black bosses with black subordinates are more likely to be scrutinized • Qs: Differences in consequences of – Stereotypes vs. prejudice vs. discrimination?

What causes discrimination? Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate Subjective Norms for Discrimination Discriminatory Behavior

What are attitudes? • Evaluative thoughts & feelings – Vs Stereotypes? – Vs. Prejudice?

Attitudes Evaluations Negative Feelings Negative Thoughts Prejudice Negative Associations Positive Associations Stereotypes

What affects attitudes toward discrimination? Belief that discrimination leads to certain outcomes Value of outcomes of discrimination Attitudes toward Discrimination Intention to discriminate

What causes discrimination? Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate Subjective Norms for Discrimination Discriminatory Behavior

What are subjective norms? • What do you think other people think/feel about something? – Vs. Attitudes?

What affects subjective norms toward discrimination? Person’s belief Person’s motivation to that others want comply with others’ person to wishes discriminate Subjective Norms for Discrimination Intention to discriminate

Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain outcomes Value of outcomes of discrimination Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate Belief that others want person to discriminate Subjective Norm Motivation to comply with others’ wishes Putting it together: What causes discrimination?

Discrimination Causes of How to reduce it

Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior • e. g. expectation of reward for hiring visible minorities Change Attitudes toward discrimination Change value of outcomes of discrimination e. g. lawsuits for discrimination How to directly change attitudes?

• Change awareness of definition & results of discrimination • E. g. , Using “weight” as a criterion for hiring can result in lawsuit if “weight” is not established as a BFOQ Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior Change Attitudes Change value of outcomes of discrimination How to indirectly change attitudes?

How to directly change subjective norms? Change norm e. g. , CEO’s public behavior Change perception of norm (awareness) Change person’s motivation to comply with (unchanged) norm Subjective Norms for Discrimination Intention to discriminate

Application of model Change perceptions of costs of discriminating against Gays • E. g. , Removal of student from residence hall for repeat offences, or inadmission into residence halls in subsequent years Change belief that others Approve of discrimination Toward gays e. g. , Popular (influential) students’ beliefs about gay harassment Attitudes toward gays Intention to Discriminate Against gays Subjective Norm to Discriminate against gays

Processes underlying Managing Diversity • Changes in structure, practices, incentives, norms to promote fairness changes behavior and attitudes • Theory of reasoned action • Reinforcement theory • Negative sanctions toward discriminatory behavior reduces it • Theory of reasoned action • Reinforcement theory

Processes underlying Valuing Diversity Organizational Values • When authority figures emphasize fairness or equality values (e. g. , in mission statement) AND follow up with own behavior or implement relevant rules, THEN behavior changes • Theory of reasoned action

When behavior changes first…. . Cognitive Dissonance Theory Non-discriminatory behavior Discriminatory Attitude Dissonance Discomfort Derogate “non-performed” alternative (e. g. , attitude) Change Attitude toward discrimination to be consistent with behavior

Non discriminatory behaviors e. g. , Choose to argue against your position voluntarily; Cooperate w/ outgroup Discriminatory Attitude Dissonance Insufficient justification for voluntary behavior Change Attitude toward discrimination

Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain outcomes Value of outcomes of discrimination Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate Belief that others want person to discriminate Subjective Norm Motivation to comply with others’ wishes