Fourth Class Constitution Making Constitution Constituent Power How

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Fourth Class Constitution Making

Fourth Class Constitution Making

Constitution Constituent Power How? : Procedure ac T : y m i t i

Constitution Constituent Power How? : Procedure ac T : y m i t i g Who? e L International Community Inclusive Exclusive Who decides? Units - Borders? Reconciliation a e r , y t e e r g A ? … Decentralization n o ti u it t s Centralization n o C t, n e Step by Step m

Pairs of values Famously, federalism balances and enables competing values to be secured: •

Pairs of values Famously, federalism balances and enables competing values to be secured: • Self-rule and shared rule • Unity and diversity • Uniformity and difference • Solidarity and self-reliance • Co-operation and competition One challenge in designing a federal system is to capture each of these in a suitable way

Other constitutional values Federalism must be combined with other constitutional values, in both spheres

Other constitutional values Federalism must be combined with other constitutional values, in both spheres of government, for its benefits to be fully secured. These include: • Legitimacy • Democracy • Constitutionalism, including the rule of law • Effective and accountable government • Mutual respect; a willingness to share power; appreciation of diversity

Importance of institutions • Importance of specifically federal institutions are obvious (eg division of

Importance of institutions • Importance of specifically federal institutions are obvious (eg division of powers) • Institutions of government equally important – Mechanism through which federalism delivered – Mechanism through which other values delivered • Institutional design must capture – Aspirations for federalism – Aspirations for government generally

General observations • Many of the institutions that we presently use were designed for

General observations • Many of the institutions that we presently use were designed for unitary states • They need to be fully adapted to the different context of federalism • Now plenty of experience with this • But range of possibilities is not fixed • Increasing experimentation in recent years • Eg asymmetry, forms of co-operation

Common standards Many federations prescribe certain common standards, applicable to both spheres of government,

Common standards Many federations prescribe certain common standards, applicable to both spheres of government, in the Constitution itself. Typically these apply to: • Governance (democracy, accountability, republicanism) • Human rights • Economic union (mobility of people, economic activity)

Constitution of the federal state The Constitution should: – Be made by a suitable

Constitution of the federal state The Constitution should: – Be made by a suitable process – Create the central & constituent governments – Provide the institutional framework – Provide the federal framework – Provide the means for its own alteration

Protection & enforcement • A mixture of rigid and flexible • Federal quality of

Protection & enforcement • A mixture of rigid and flexible • Federal quality of amendment procedure • Effectively enforced: – Usually, general or specialist constitutional court – Other options? Switzerland (sui generis). USA? • NB techniques for conflict avoidance: SA • Some internal flexibility eg through cooperation

Challenges • Making a commitment to federalism • Developing a federal culture • Building

Challenges • Making a commitment to federalism • Developing a federal culture • Building sufficient capacity in smaller, poorer units • Ensuring accountability, transparency, responsiveness in all spheres of government and for shared programs • Avoiding unproductive competition & disputes • Providing flexibility to meet new needs

Different Goals of Federalism - Limit governmental powers with Vertical Separation of Powers Accommodate

Different Goals of Federalism - Limit governmental powers with Vertical Separation of Powers Accommodate Diversities Strengthen Democracy Conflict – Management Strengthen and deepen legitimacy of a confederal system (cf. EU)

MULTICULTURAL AND BUT PEACEFUL

MULTICULTURAL AND BUT PEACEFUL

Switzerland Spain We the Swiss People and Cantons … are determined to live our

Switzerland Spain We the Swiss People and Cantons … are determined to live our diversity in unity respecting one another; . . Art. 2 Purpose It (Switzerland) shall promote. . the cultural diversity of the country The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards, and recognizes and guarantees the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions

Specific Problems: Composed Nations Germany the German People have adopted, by virtue of their

Specific Problems: Composed Nations Germany the German People have adopted, by virtue of their constituent power, this Constitution. Belgium is made up of three Communities: the French Community, the Flemish Community, and the Germanspeaking Community.

Turky Croatia The recognition that all Turkish citizens are united in national honour and

Turky Croatia The recognition that all Turkish citizens are united in national honour and pride, in national joy and grief, in their rights and duties towards their existence as a nation, in blessings and in burdens, and in every manifestation of national life, and that they have the right to demand a peaceful life based on absolute respect for one another's rights and freedoms, mutual love and fellowship, and the desire for, and belief, in "Peace at home, peace in the world of one's own state, based on the Croatian nation's historical right to full sovereignty,

PREAMBLE: Serbia CONSCIOUS OF THE STATE TRADITION OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE AND DETERMINED TO

PREAMBLE: Serbia CONSCIOUS OF THE STATE TRADITION OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE AND DETERMINED TO ESTABLISH THE EQUALITY OF ALL THE PEOPLES LIVING IN SERBIA, THE CITIZENS OF SERBIA, AS PART OF THE EUROPEAN FAMILY OF NATIONS, AND WITH A PLEDGE FOR MODERN DEMOCRATIC STATE BASED ON PEACE, TOLERANCE, RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS, ON THE RULE OF LAW AND SOCIAL JUSTICE, Persons belonging to a national minority shall have special rights which they exercise individually or in community with others.

Russia Bosnia We, the multinational people* of the Russian Federation, united by a common

Russia Bosnia We, the multinational people* of the Russian Federation, united by a common destiny on our land, Bosniacs, Croats, and Serbs, as constituent peoples (along with Others), and citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina hereby determine that the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is as follows:

European Union DETERMINED to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the

European Union DETERMINED to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the PEOPLE‘S of Europe, RESOLVED to establish a citizenship common to nationals of their countries, RESOLVED to continue the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizen in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, (Consolidat. Treaties)

This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer

This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen. Treaty EU Common Provisions Art. 2 — to strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its Member States through the introduction of a citizenship of the Union;

Article 17 (ex Article 8) 1. Citizenship of the Union is hereby establi 2.

Article 17 (ex Article 8) 1. Citizenship of the Union is hereby establi 2. shed. Every person holding the nationality 3. of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. 2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights conferred by this Treaty and shall be subject to the duties imposed thereby.

Preamble Draft of European Constitution Convinced that, while remaining proud of their own national

Preamble Draft of European Constitution Convinced that, while remaining proud of their own national identities and history, the peoples of Europe are determined to transcend their ancient divisions and, united ever more closely, to forge acommon destiny, Convinced that, thus "united in its diversity", Europe offers them the best chance of pursuing, with due regard for the rights of each individual and in awareness of their responsibilities towards future generations and the Earth, the great venture which makes of it a special area of human hope, Grateful to the members of the European Convention for having prepared this Constitution on behalf of the citizens and States of Europe,