FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 8

FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 8 Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives 1. Determine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies 2. Identify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses 3. Describe Classifications Of Hypotheses 4. Distinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives 5. Compare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses 6. Differentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses 7. List The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis 8. Discuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives 9. Recognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories 10. Determine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed 11. Critique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective One Determine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Purposes of Hypotheses • • • Lend objectivity to investigations Test theoretical propositions Advance scientific knowledge Guide research design Dictate statistical analysis used Show researcher’s expectations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hypotheses and Nursing Research • More important than ever • Evidence-based practice • Practices based on research studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Two Identify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sources or Rationale for Hypotheses • Theories • Personal experience • Previous research studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Framework As a Source • Theoretical or conceptual • Most important source • Propositional statement isolated, tested Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Previous Studies As a Source • Test assumptions • Test hypothesis based on findings Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Personal Experience As a Source • Induction – Observation – Empirical generalization – Hypothesis • Literature review Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Three Describe Classifications Of Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Hypotheses • Simple • Complex Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Hypotheses • Research hypothesis • Null hypothesis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Hypotheses • Directional • Nondirectional Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Four Distinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple Hypothesis • Bivariate • Relationship between one independent and one dependent variable • Independent variable: cause, first chronologically • Dependent variable: effect Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Complex Hypothesis • Multivariate • Relationship between – Two or more independent variables – Two or more dependent variables – Both Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which to Use? • Divide complex hypothesis into two or more simple hypotheses – Avoid partial support crisis • Use complex hypothesis – Interaction effect Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Five Compare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Null Hypothesis • H 0 • Predicts no relationship between variables • Statistically analyzed Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Hypothesis • H 1 • Alternative, scientific, substantive, theoretical • States expected relationship between variables • Can be directional or nondirectional Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Preference for Research Hypothesis • Clarify study’s framework • Demonstrate researcher’s critical thinking • Based on theoretical framework Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Statistical Analyses • Evaluates the null hypothesis • Significance level in nursing at or below. 05 Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Both Null and Research Hypothesis • Researcher expects no correlations between variables. • Researcher expects no difference between groups being compared. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Six Differentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nondirectional Research Hypotheses • Predicts relationship between variables • Does not predict direction of relationship – Example: There Is a Relationship Between Serotonin Levels and SIDS. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Directional Research Hypotheses • Predicts the direction of the relationship – Example: People Who Smoke Are More Likely to Develop Lung Cancer Than Those Who Do Not. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Advantages of Directions Research Hypotheses • Researcher’s expectations clear • More precise testing of theoretical propositions • One-tailed statistical tests Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reasons to Use Nondirectional Research Hypotheses • No theory to base prediction on • Previous research findings contradictory Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Seven List The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Hypothesis Should Be written in a declarative sentence Be written in the present tense Contain the population Contain the variables Reflect the problem statement, purpose statement, and research question • Be empirically testable • • • Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Eight Discuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hypothesis Format • A correlational statement • A comparative statement • Statistical analysis Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Predictive Terms • Examples – Less – Greater – Decrease in – Negative correlation Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Nine Recognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hypotheses in Testing Theories • Test proposition, not entire theory • Cannot be proved or disproved Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Null Hypotheses, Research Hypotheses, and Theories • Null hypothesis rejected → research hypothesis supported • Research hypothesis supported → theory supported • Research hypothesis not supported → theory not supported Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Ten Determine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Need for Hypotheses • Relationship between variables being studied Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

When Are Hypotheses Not Needed? • Qualitative studies • Single-variable descriptive studies • Methodological studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Questions • In place of hypotheses in some studies • In addition to hypotheses related to other areas of interest concerning topic Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Eleven Critique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions • Does the study contain a hypothesis or hypotheses? • Is each hypothesis clearly worded and concise? • Is it written in a declarative sentence? • Is each hypothesis directly tied to the study problem? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) • Is the study framework clearly defined with each hypothesis derived from it? • Does each hypothesis contain the population and at least two variables? • Is each hypothesis stated as a directional research hypothesis? If not, is a rationale given for the type employed? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) • Is it apparent that each hypothesis can be empirically tested? • Does each hypothesis contain only one prediction? Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.