FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 16

Learning Objectives 1. Describe The Methods Used To Present Research Findings 2. Discuss The

Learning Objectives 5. Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies 6. Determine the Implications Of

Learning Objective One Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Presentation of Factual Findings • Narrative form • Tables Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Narrative Presentation • Clear and concise • Qualitative studies – Narrative predominates – Direct

Narrative Presentation (cont’d) • Quantitative studies – Present data that support or fail to

Tables • Easy to understand interpret • A footnote should include – Statistical test

Tables (cont’d) • Table composition – Columns – Rows – Cells Foundations of Nursing

Figures • Type of visual presentation other than a table • Include graphs, diagrams,

Learning Objective Two Determine the Implications Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Discussion of the Findings • Allows the researcher to make interpretations of the findings

Learning Objective Three Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Relation of Study Findings to Hypotheses • Presentation of inferential statistics used to test

Results of Hypothesis Testing • The null hypothesis is not rejected. • The null

Research Hypothesis Supported • Degree of certainty • Not due to chance Foundations of

Null Hypothesis Not Rejected • Negative results may be as important as positive results.

Results Not Consistent With Research Hypothesis • Not supportive of the study’s theoretical framework

Learning Objective Four Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies

Statistical Versus Clinical Significance • Statistical significance – Null hypothesis has been rejected. –

Statistical Versus Clinical Significance (cont’d) • Clinical significance – Findings may be useful in

Learning Objective Five Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Study Conclusions • Knowledge gained • Findings generalized • Discussion focus – Study problem,

Learning Objective Six Determine the Implications Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Implications • The “shoulds” that result from a study • Conceivable changes that are

Learning Objective Seven Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth

Recommendations • Propose replications • Consider study limitations • Suggest extension of study Foundations

Replication of the Research Study • Involves carrying out a study similar to one

Consideration of Study Limitations in Future Research • • Alteration in the sample Alteration

Extensions of the Research Study • Suggests future research based on – Findings of

Learning Objective Eight Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies

Critique the Findings • Be objective • Use subjective interpretations • Formulate implications for

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FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH Sixth Edition CHAPTER 16 Presentation and Discussion of Study Findings Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives 1. Describe The Methods Used To Present Research Findings 2. Discuss The Findings Of Research Studies 3. Relate Study Findings To Study Hypotheses 4. Distinguish Between Statistical And Clinical Significance Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives 5. Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies 6. Determine the Implications Of Research Studies 7. Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies 8. Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective One Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Narrative Presentation • Clear and concise • Qualitative studies – Narrative predominates – Direct quotes and discussion of patterns and themes from data Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Narrative Presentation (cont’d) • Quantitative studies – Present data that support or fail to support each hypothesis – Should include the statistical test used, test results, degrees of freedom, and probability value Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tables • Easy to understand interpret • A footnote should include – Statistical test that was used – Test results – Degrees of freedom – Probability value Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures • Type of visual presentation other than a table • Include graphs, diagrams, line drawings, and photographs • Particularly useful in presenting demographic data about subjects Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Two Determine the Implications Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Discussion of the Findings • Allows the researcher to make interpretations of the findings • More subjective section than the presentation of the findings • Discusses aspects of results that agree and those that do not agree with previous research and theoretical explanations • Reports study limitations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Three Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Relation of Study Findings to Hypotheses • Presentation of inferential statistics used to test the hypotheses Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Results of Hypothesis Testing • The null hypothesis is not rejected. • The null hypothesis is rejected and research hypothesis is supported. • The null hypothesis is rejected and results are opposite from the prediction of the research hypothesis. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Hypothesis Supported • Degree of certainty • Not due to chance Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Null Hypothesis Not Rejected • Negative results may be as important as positive results. • Be objective • Explain negative results Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Results Not Consistent With Research Hypothesis • Not supportive of the study’s theoretical framework • May be incongruent with previous research results • Give tentative explanations • Recommend further research Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Four Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Statistical Versus Clinical Significance • Statistical significance – Null hypothesis has been rejected. – Differences or correlations are not likely to be by chance. – May not be clinically important Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Statistical Versus Clinical Significance (cont’d) • Clinical significance – Findings may be useful in clinical setting with patients. • Best outcome – Statistically and clinically significant Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Five Identify The Conclusions Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Study Conclusions • Knowledge gained • Findings generalized • Discussion focus – Study problem, purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical framework Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Six Determine the Implications Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Implications • The “shoulds” that result from a study • Conceivable changes that are based on the conclusions of the study – More research is called for to further verify the study results. – No change is needed. – Changes need to be made based on the study conclusions. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Seven Discuss The Recommendations Of Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Recommendations • Propose replications • Consider study limitations • Suggest extension of study Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Replication of the Research Study • Involves carrying out a study similar to one previously done • Minor changes are made from the previous study. Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Consideration of Study Limitations in Future Research • • Alteration in the sample Alteration in the instrument Control of variables Change in methodology Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Extensions of the Research Study • Suggests future research based on – Findings of a particular study – Findings of previous research – Current state of theoretical framework that was used in the study Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objective Eight Critique The Findings, Conclusions, Implications, And Recommendations Of Published Research Studies Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critique the Findings • Be objective • Use subjective interpretations • Formulate implications for practice, education, and research • Offer recommendations Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition Rose Marie Nieswiadomy Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.