Foundations of Nursing Research Seventh Edition Chapter 11

Foundations of Nursing Research Seventh Edition Chapter 11 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Designs Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objectives 11. 1 Summarize the important features of six common types of qualitative designs 11. 2 Discuss the main principles and purposes that guide researchers to use more than one method 11. 3 Describe the strategies a researcher might use in a mixed method study Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Introduction (1 of 2) • Qualitative and mixed methods research are increasingly accepted. • Qualitative studies: – Are particularly well suited for questions about which there is little or no research. – Can often help answer questions about processes humans use to avoid, cope with, or adjust to illness and disease. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Introduction (2 of 2) • With quantitative research, qualitative results can be powerful and impactful. • Expert qualitative researchers often spend years becoming adept in using their preferred qualitative method. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objective 11. 1 Summarize the important features of six common types of qualitative designs Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (1 of 18) • Six most common qualitative approaches – Phenomenology – Ethnography – Grounded theory – Narrative inquiry – Case study – Action research Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (2 of 18) • Phenomenology – Examines human experiences § Descriptions areprovided by people involved § Lived experiences – Information is generally obtained through interviews. – Researcher must: § Have an accurate and clear notion of the phenomenon of interest. § Use descriptive questions to elicit the most complete responses. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (3 of 18) • Phenomenology – Bracketing § Take into account researcher’s own beliefs and feelings § Put aside expectations – Reflexivity § Researcher should attempt to clearly identify their values and beliefs as they relate to the topic and how they may influence the research – Research methods are very different from methods used in quantitative research. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (4 of 18) • Ethnography – Collection and analysis of data about cultural groups – Focuses on social relationships and context in which they occur – Several types § Classical § Natural § Interpretive § Critical Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (5 of 18) § Digital § Autoethnography § Subjective evidence-based • Ethnography – Researcher frequently spends extended periods of time with group § Becomes a part of their culture § Explores rituals and customs § Interviews, images, observations, or interactions Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (6 of 18) • Ethnography – Relatively new to nurse researchers – Used in anthropological research for a long time – Ethnographers study how people live and how they communicate with each other. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (7 of 18) • Grounded Theory – Glaser and Strauss (1967) – Good choice when area is one in which little research has been done, or in which existing theories are not sufficient. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (8 of 18) • Grounded Theory – Simultaneous data collection and analysis § Field setting § Constant comparison method – Data are constantly compared to data that have already been gathered – Theory developed – Theory “grounded” in data from which it was derived Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (9 of 18) • Grounded Theory – Purposeful sampling – Diversity rather than similarity – Shed new light on phenomenon Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (10 of 18) • Grounded Theory – Not performed prior to study § Avoid preconceived notions – After concepts identified and relationships specified § Determine similar associations discovered in past Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (11 of 18) • Grounded Theory – Discovery of basic social processes § Fundamental patterns in all social life – Theory generation is more of a concern than hypothesis testing Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (12 of 18) • Narrative Inquiry – Seeks to explore experiences of participants through the stories told by participants – Researcher attends to the story through attention to verbal and nonverbal elements. § Pauses, rhythm and pacing, sighs or smiles, other expressions Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (13 of 18) • Narrative Inquiry – Researcher transcribes story into written form and notes perceptions. – Provides an in-depth understanding of experience from the participant’s point of view – Together, participant and researcher assign meaning to stories. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (14 of 18) • Case Studies – In-depth examinations of people or groups of people – May be considered as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research § To be considered as a qualitative study, researcher must be interested in the meaning of experiences to the participants themselves. – Help formalize experiential knowledge and, thus, promote quality nursing care. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (15 of 18) • Case Studies – Data collection § Questionnaires § Interviews § Observations § Written accounts by participants Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (16 of 18) • Case Studies – Subject selection process § Care must be taken § Concept of purposive sampling applies § Researcher should select participants who can fill in missing information. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (17 of 18) • Action Research Studies – Goals § Improve practice § Study effect of action taken – Actively engages the community of interest in solving a problem. – Not intended to increase theoretical knowledge – Implementation of solutions occurs as an actual part of the research process. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Qualitative Research Designs (18 of 18) • Action Research Studies – Participatory action research (PAR) § Special kind of community-based action research § Participants and researcher or co-researchers collaborate throughout study. § Also called community-engaged research Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objective 11. 2 Discuss the main principles and purposes that guide researchers to use more than one method Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Mixed Methods Research (1 of 2) • Very practical approach to solving complex problems of interest to nurse researchers • Allows researchers to use all of the qualitative and quantitative data-gathering and analyzing methods available. • Mixed methods research is complex. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Mixed Methods Research (2 of 2) • Research should: – Consider the underlying philosophical and theoretical framework. – Resources available to conduct the work. – Research question or problem. – Needs of human subjects. – Plan for data-collection methods that adequately answer the research question or address the research problem. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Objective 11. 3 Describe the strategies a researcher might use in a mixed method study Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (1 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research: – Sequential explanatory – Sequential exploratory – Sequential transformative – Concurrent triangulation – Concurrent nested – Concurrent transformative Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (2 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research: – Sequential explanatory § Involves collecting qualitative data after analyzing quantitative data to explain quantitative findings – Sequential exploratory § Involves an initial period of qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a quantative data collection and analysis Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (3 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research: – Sequential transformative § Specific theoretical perspective, such as feminism, is guiding framework for study. § Researcher has two distinct phases of data collection and either type of data can be collected first. – Concurrent triangulation § Both types of data are collected concurrently to confirm or corroborate findings within the study. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (4 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research: – Concurrent nested § Researcher collects data using one primary approach with the secondary approach nested within – Concurrent transformative § Data are collected concurrently with equal priority given to each type of data collection. § Research is guided by a specific theoretical perspective. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (5 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research – All require the researcher have a firm grasp of the phenomenon being studied, and expertise in both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. – Concurrent strategies require less time than other strategies. – Sequential strategies require additional time for data collection and analysis before moving to the second data collection and analysis phase. Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Strategies for Mixed Methods Research (6 of 6) • Strategies for mixed methods research – Should be approached with the same care, deliberate planning, attention to detail, and valuing of methodological thinking Copyright © 2018, 2012, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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