Foundations of Individual Behavior Prentice Hall 2001 Chapter

Foundations of Individual Behavior Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 1

Biographical Characteristics Age Gender Tenure Marital Status Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 2

Intellectual Abilities • Number aptitude • Verbal comprehension • Perceptual speed • Inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning • Spatial visualization • Memory ability Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 3

Basic Physical Abilities Strength Factors Prentice Hall, 2001 Other Factors Chapter 2 Flexibility Factors 4

The Ability-Job Fit • Abilities of the employee • Requirements of the job Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 5

What Is Learning? Social Learning Classical Conditioning Prentice Hall, 2001 Operant Conditioning Chapter 2 6

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Methods of Shaping Behavior Punishment Prentice Hall, 2001 Extinction Chapter 2 7

Interval Ratio High Fixed. Interval Fixed. Ratio Low Schedules of Reinforcement Variable. Interval Variable. Ratio Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 2 8

Values, Attitudes, and Job Satisfaction ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 9

The Importance of Values Judgment Content Stability Intensity ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 10

Types of Values Terminal Values ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Instrumental Values Chapter 3 11

Unique Values of Today’s Workforce Career Stage Entered the Workforce Approximate Current Age 1. Protestant Mid-1940 s to Late 1950 s 60 to 75 Hard working; loyal to firm; conservative 2. Existential 1960 s to Mid-1970 s 45 to 60 Nonconforming; seeks autonomy; loyal to self 3. Pragmatic Mid-1970 s to Mid-1980 s 35 to 45 Ambitious, hard worker; loyal to career 4. Generation X Mid-1980 s through 1990 s Under 35 Flexible, values leisure; loyal to relationships ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 Dominant Work Values 12

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions • • • ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism or Collectivism Quantity or Quality of Life Long-term or Short-term Chapter 3 13

Selected Countries on the Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity Scales • Uncertainty Avoidance Index Status Quo Risk-taking Fem SWE Masculinity Index YUG FRAN SPN SING GRE SO So AMER Masc ©Prentice Hall, 2001 JAPAN GER Chapter 3 HK USA GB 14

Selected Countries on the Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance Scales • Uncertainty Avoidance Index High - Status Quo Risk-taking -Low Power Distance Index Low SWE GER GB USA JAPAN SPN GRE YUG High ©Prentice Hall, 2001 FRAN SO AMER IND HK SING PHIL Chapter 3 15

What Are Attitudes? • Cognitive component • Affective component • Behavioral component ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 16

Types of Attitudes • Job satisfaction • Job involvement • Organizational commitment ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 17

Importance of the Elements Cognitive Dissonance Degree of Personal Influence Rewards Involved ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 18

Attitude-Behavior Relationship Moderating Variables Behavioral Influence High • Importance • Specificity • Accessibility • Social pressures • Direct experience ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Low Chapter 3 19

Self-Perception Theory Behavior-Attitude Relationship After the Fact ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Casual Statements Chapter 3 Plausible Answers 20

Measuring Job Satisfaction Single Global Rating ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Summing up Job Facets Chapter 3 21

Productivity Job Satisfaction and Employee Absenteeism Performance Turnover ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 22

Responses to Job Dissatisfaction Active Exit Voice Destructive Constructive Neglect Loyalty Passive ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 3 23

Job Satisfaction and OCB Perceptions of Fairness Outcomes ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Treatment Chapter 3 Procedures 24