Foundations of Individual Behavior 1 Individual Behaviour Biographical

Foundations of Individual Behavior 1

Individual Behaviour • Biographical characteristics • Types of ability • Shape the behavior of others • Examine four schedules of reinforcement • Clarify the role of punishment in learning 2

Biographical Characteristics Age 3

Biographical Characteristics Gender 4

Biographical Characteristics Marital Status 5

Biographical Characteristics Tenure 6

Intellectual Abilities • Number aptitude • Verbal comprehension • Perceptual speed • Inductive reasoning • Deductive reasoning • Memory ability 7

Basic Physical Abilities Strength Factors Other Factors Flexibility Factors 8

The Ability-Job Fit • Abilities of the employee • Requirements of the job 9

Classical Conditioning 10

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Social Learning Theory Learn by observing others and through direct experiences Models have influence when the following processes occur: Attentional Recognize Retention Remember Motor Reproduction Do Reinforcement Get rewarded 12

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Methods of Shaping Behavior Punishment Extinction 13

Types of Reinforcement Continuous Intermittent Reinforces desired behavior every time Reinforces desired behavior often enough to make behavior worth repeating 14

Horse walk……. • Akbar’s Handicap horse 15

Interval Ratio Fixed. Interval Fixed. Ratio Variable Schedules of Reinforcement Variable. Interval Variable. Ratio 16

Behavior Modification • Critical behaviors • Baseline data • Behavioral consequences • Intervention strategy • Performance improvement 17

Organizational Applications • Lotteries to reduce absenteeism • Well pay versus sick pay • Training programs • Mentoring programs 18

Individual Behaviour Perception 19

Factors That Can Influence Perception The Perceiver The Situation The Target 20

Old Lady • December in Pune is always very cold. • Old women need to wear Sweater. • A little cute girl. 21

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PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our personal world has stability. 1. There is an enduring aspect to our experience. 2. We seek some consistency in our world. 3. Constancies - see the same person as the same even with changes in clothing, hair color, size, and circumstances. 4. The perceptual act is a complex form of problem solving the goal of which is to create stability. 25

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES Our perceptual world is meaningful 1. Meaningful in the sense that the structure and stable events are not isolated from one another but are related over time. 2. Thus experience is meaningful because it is structured and stable and we realize that events have implications for one another. 26

: Our perceptual wor PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES is meaningful 3. Perceptual set is the primary influence in the individual perception process a) b) c) d) Cultural expectations Motivation Mood Attitude 4. Other factors influencing perception meaningful ar a) Past experience b) Language c) Goals for the future 27

Person perception, perception the process of perceiving other individuals and the self, differs from object in some ways, but is also similar in some ways. 28

Special features of person perception The two characteristics [causal & similar] lead us to perceive social interactions as dynamic interactions of “caused” behavior 29

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