Foundations of Community Health 1 Introduction In this

Foundations of Community Health 1

Introduction In this unit the foundations for community health nursing are presented. Basic information about the definition and description of a community; The preparation for working in this discipline; the function, Roles and settings for community health nursing; culture, ethics and values to consider in the community; and the structure, function and financing of health care is focused on in this unit.

Community Health Nursing Opportunities and Challenges 3

Objectives: Upon mastery of this chapter, you should be able to: Define community health and distinguish it from public health. Explain the concept of community. Describe three types of communities. 4

Objectives: Diagram the health continuum. Differentiate among the three levels of prevention. Analyze the six components of community health practice. Describe the eight characteristics of community health nursing. 5

Concept of Community …collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging List some communities: 6

Community Health (CH) and Public Health (PH) CH = “identification of needs and the protection and improvement of collective health within a geographically defined area” PH = “activities that society undertakes to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy” 7

Three Types of Communities 1 - Geographic = city, town, neighborhood 2 - Common-interest = professional organization, people with mastectomies 3 - Community of solution = group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them 8

Example of Communities of Solution 1321428 9

Wellness-Illness continuum 10

Six Components of Community Health Practice 1 - Promotion of health 2 - Prevention of health problems 3 - Treatment of disorders 4 - Rehabilitation 5 - Evaluation 6 - Research 1321428 11

Health Promotion All efforts that seek to move people closer to optimal well-being or higher levels of wellness 1321428 12

Levels of Prevention: Primary Keep illness or injury from occurring Secondary Efforts to detect and treat existing disease Tertiary Reduce the extent and severity of a health problem to its lowest possible level to minimize disability and restore or preserve function 1321428 13

Describe Eight Characteristics of Community Health Nursing 1 - Field of nursing: shift from individual to aggregate (public) 2 - Combines public health with nursing Community-based & population focused Public health sciences & nursing theory 3 - Population focused 4 - Emphasizes prevention 1321428 14

Describe Eight Characteristics of Community Health Nursing 5 - Promotes client responsibility & selfcare 6 - Use aggregate assessment measurement & analysis 7 - Uses principles of organizational theory 8 - Involves inter-professional collaboration 1321428 15

END OF PART ONE … BYE…. 1321428 16

Evolution of Community Health Nursing 1321428 17

Objectives: Upon mastery of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the four stages of community health nursing’s development. Analyze the impact of societal influences on the development and practice of community health nursing. Recognize the contributions of selected nursing leaders throughout history to the advancement of community health nursing. Explore the academic and advanced professional preparation of community health nurses. 1321428 18

Describe the four stages of community health development Early Home Care (before Mid-1800 s) District (local) Nursing (Mid-1800 s to 1900) Public Health Nursing (1900 – 1970) Community Health Nursing (1970 – present) 1321428 19

Early home care (before Mid 1800 s) Religious and charitable groups Elizabethan Poor Law St. Vincent de Paul Home deliveries Industrial revolution Florence Nightingale & Mary Seacole 1321428 20

District Nursing (Mid-1800 s to 1900) Visiting Nursing (district nursing) Care of individuals Religious to private philanthropy Health visitors backbone of primary health care system 1321428 21

Public Health Nursing (1900 – 1970) Expansion to health & welfare of the general public Specialized programs Public Health Nursing Teachers College National Organization for Public Health Nursing Henry Street Settlement National League of Nursing Education 1321428 22

Community Health Nursing Public Health Nursing (Epidemiology) Community-based clinics Work Sites Schools Collaboration and interdisciplinary teamwork 1321428 23

Analyze the impact of societal influences on CHN Advanced technology Causal thinking Educational changes Role changes for women Consumer movement & changing demographics Economic forces 1321428 24

Identify five characteristics shared by all cultures 1 - Learned 2 - Integrated 3 - Shared 4 - Mostly tacit 5 - Dynamic 1321428 25

Case Study: Assume that you have been asked to make a home visit to a 75 -year-old man living alone whose wife recently died. Besides assessing his individual needs, what additional factors should you consider for assessment and intervention that would indicate an aggregate or population-focused approach? What self-care practices might you encourage or teach? 1321428 26

Internet Resources American Academy of Nursing: http: //www. nursingworld. org/aan American Assembly for Men in Nursing: http: //www. aamn. org American Nurses Association: http: //www. ana. org American Nurses Credentialing Center: http: //www. nursingworld. org/ancc/index. html American Nursing Informatics Association: http: //www. ania. org American Public Health Association: http: //www. apha. org 1321428 27

Internet Resources National Association of Hispanic Nurses: http: //www. nahnhq. org National Center for Health Statistics: http: //www. cdc. gov/hchc National League for Nursing: http: //www. nln. org Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing: http: //www. nursingsociety. org U. S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics: http: //www. bls. gov 1321428 28

END OF PART TWO… BYE…. 29

Roles and Settings for CHN 1321428 30

Objectives: Upon mastery of this chapter, you should be able to: ● Identify the three core public health functions basic to community among seven different roles of the community health nurse. ● Discuss the seven roles within the framework of public health nursing functions. ● Explain the importance of each role for influencing people’s health. 1321428 31

Objectives: ● Identify and discuss factors that affect a nurse’s selection and practice of each role. ● Describe seven settings in which community health nurses practice. ● Discuss the nature of community health nursing, and the common threads basic to its practice, woven throughout all roles and settings. ● Identify principles of sound nursing practice in the community. 1321428 32

Three Core PH Functions 1) Assessment Regular collection, analysis and sharing of information about health conditions, risks and resources in a community 2) Policy Development Use of assessment data to develop policy and direct resources toward those policies 3) Assurance Availability of necessary services throughout the community 1321428 33

Seven Roles & Influence on People’s Health 1 - Clinician: focus on holism, health promotion, & prevention while using expanded skills 2 - Educator: plan for community-wide impact 3 - Advocate: Support client self-determination and responsive systems 1321428 34

How Roles & Factors Influence People’s Health 4 - Manager: Participative approach with community 5 - Collaborator: multidisciplinary collegiality and leadership 6 - Leadership: Change agent 7 - Researcher: Systematic investigation, collection, and analysis of data for solving problems and bring evidence-based findings to community settings 1321428 35

Seven Settings I. III. IV. V. VII. Homes Ambulatory Service Schools Occupational Health Residential Institutions Parishes Community at Large 1321428 36

Nature & Common Threads Basic to Practice Many nursing roles Special skill sets Assessment Policy Development Assurance Variety of clients in specific situations Collaboration with other institutions Schools & Parishes Occupational Health 1321428 37

Principles of Sound Community Nursing Practice Standards of practice Standards of care Management essential to all nursing roles Community Nursing Process: assessment, planning, implementation, & evaluation Case management Essential Behaviors Decision-making Transferring information Relationship building 1321428 38

Internet Resources A Day in the Life of Public Health http: //www. apha. org/career/dayinlife. htm Public Health Nursing Section of APHA http: //www. csuchico. edu/~horst/ Ten Essential Services of Public Health http: //www. apha. org/ppp/science/10 ES. htm 1321428 39

TANK YOU …. 1321428 40