Foundations of Addictions Counseling 3E David Capuzzi Mark

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Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Chapter 1 History

Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Chapter 1 History and Etiological Models of Addiction Updated by Melinda Haley, Walden University Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

History of Addiction Counseling Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright

History of Addiction Counseling Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

History of Prevention in the United States Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi

History of Prevention in the United States Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

U. S. Drug Laws Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright

U. S. Drug Laws Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Agencies Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012,

Agencies Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Policies to Prevent Addiction n n Limits on age Taxation and control of distribution

Policies to Prevent Addiction n n Limits on age Taxation and control of distribution More government focus on preventing use than treating addiction SAMHSA reauthorized in 2000 n funding for co-occurring disorders Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Models for Explaining the Etiology of Addiction n The Moral Model Psychological Models Family

Models for Explaining the Etiology of Addiction n The Moral Model Psychological Models Family Models Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer § The Disease Model § § § Public Health Developmental Biological Models Sociocultural Models Multicausal Models Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Moral Model n n Personal choice; no biological basis Religious beliefs of sinfulness

The Moral Model n n Personal choice; no biological basis Religious beliefs of sinfulness Punishment in legal system Social stigma Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Psychological Models n n 1. Cognitive-behavioral models n Motivation, seeking pleasure n Reinforcement (positive

Psychological Models n n 1. Cognitive-behavioral models n Motivation, seeking pleasure n Reinforcement (positive & negative) 2. Learning models n n Learned response Aversion to withdrawal leads to prolonged use Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Psychological Models, n 3. Psychodynamic models n n (continued) Underlying psychopathology (ego deficiencies, inadequate

Psychological Models, n 3. Psychodynamic models n n (continued) Underlying psychopathology (ego deficiencies, inadequate parenting, etc. ) Problem with regulation of affect Disturbed object relations 4. Personality Theory Models n “Alcoholic personality” n Dependent, immature, impulsive, emotional, unable to express anger, etc. Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Family Models n 1. Behavioral n n 2. Family Systems n n Behavior is

Family Models n 1. Behavioral n n 2. Family Systems n n Behavior is reinforced by family member(s) Roles in families Changes are threatening Identified patient 3. Family Disease Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Disease Model n Addiction as primary disease n n n No moral stigma

The Disease Model n Addiction as primary disease n n n No moral stigma Benjamin Rush (late 1700 s) E. M. Jellinek (1930 s & 1940 s) n Progressive stages n Prodromal, Middle or Crucial, Chronic n Chronic and incurable; abstinence required n Original research questioned Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Public Health Model n Paul Lemkau n n Establishment of community Social issues

The Public Health Model n Paul Lemkau n n Establishment of community Social issues play a role n Addiction is a societal disease Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Developmental Model n Vulnerability to addiction is never static and varies across the

The Developmental Model n Vulnerability to addiction is never static and varies across the life span. n Developmental competencies decrease the possibility of engaging in risky behavior. Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Biological Models n 1. Genetic Models n n n Strong statistical associations Human Genome

Biological Models n 1. Genetic Models n n n Strong statistical associations Human Genome Project 2. Neurobiological Models n n Limbic system Brain chemistry changes with use Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Sociocultural Models n n Context influences drug definitions, use, and effects 1. Supracultural n

Sociocultural Models n n Context influences drug definitions, use, and effects 1. Supracultural n Culture’s collective attitudes impact addictions n n n Views of alcohol other social expectations Bales (1946) and Bacon (1974) Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Sociocultural models, (continued) n 2. Culture-specific Models n n n cultural Stereotyping Address diversity

Sociocultural models, (continued) n 2. Culture-specific Models n n n cultural Stereotyping Address diversity issues in counseling 3. Subcultural Models n n Sociological and environmental causes Patterns within specific groups n n Age, gender, ethnicity Danger of stereotyping Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Multi-causal Models n n No single model explains addiction 1. Syndrome model n n

Multi-causal Models n n No single model explains addiction 1. Syndrome model n n 2. Integral Model n n Multiple and interacting antecedents Concepts from integrative medicine and transpersonal psychology Similar to public health model n Agent, Host, Environment Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Useful Web Sites NIH Grants for Mental Health, Addiction Research § http: //www. jointogether.

Useful Web Sites NIH Grants for Mental Health, Addiction Research § http: //www. jointogether. org/sa/news/funding/reader /0%2 C 1854%2 C 575039%2 C 00. html Foundations & Grantmakers Directory § http: //www. foundations. org/grantmakers. html Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3 e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved