Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi Carbon Cycle Calorific Values

Fossil Fuels Reza Toossi

Carbon Cycle

Calorific Values Natural Gas n n n Petroleum n n n 1000 BTU/cu. ft 58 MJ/kg 19000 BTU/lb or 5. 8 million BTU/bbl 44 MJ/kg Coal n n 6000 -16000 BTU/lb 14 - 35 MJ/kg * 1 kg = 2. 2 lb. ; 1 m 3 = 35. 3 ft 3; 1 bbl = 42 U. S. gallons = 159. 1 lit

Compare n Fossil Fuels n n 1 liter of petroleum = 1 kg of coal = 1 m 3 of natural gas) 1 gal of petroleum = 10 pounds of coal = 150 ft 3 of natural gas

Fossil vs. Non-fossil use in US (1999) Energy Source Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Biomass Geothermal Solar Wind Total Quads 21. 8 37. 7 22. 0 7. 7 3. 5 3. 2 0. 04 0. 07 0. 05 96. 4 Percent of Total 22. 6 39. 1 22. 8 8. 0 3. 6 3. 3 0. 04 0. 07 0. 05 100

World Oil (2002) Who has it? Who uses it? Saudi Arabia 26% U. S. 25% Iraq 10% Japan 8% Kuwait 10% China 5% UAE 9% Russia 4% Iran 9% Germany 4% Venezuela 6% S. Korea 3% Russia 5% Italy 3% Mexico 5% France 3% U. S. 3% England 3% All Others 17% All Others 42%

World Oil (2005) Who has it? Who uses it? Saudi Arabia 24% U. S. 25% Iran 12% China 5% Iraq 10% Japan 6% Kuwait 9% Russia 4% UAE 9% Germany 3% Venezuela 7% India 3% Russia 5% Canada 3% Libya 4% Brazil 3% Nigeria 3% South Korea 3% All Others 17% All Others 42%

Extraction (SPE Video)

OPEC n n n Organization of petroleum Exporting Countries Formed in 1960 Current member states are: Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and the United Arab Emirates

Oil Prices

US Resources (Annual Production)

Hubbert Model (1956) n n n All resources (fossil fuel, minerals) have a finite life time. The peak production occurs at a point where 50% of all resource has been depleted. The distribution is symmetrical about the peak point.

Hubbert’s Curve

US Oil Production

Production Midpoints for major Oil Producing Countries

Coal - Formation n Dead plants n n n Decomposed by aerobic bacteria yielding CO 2, CH 4, etc. Decomposed anaerobically (without air) if covered by mud for a long time. Occurs in stratified deposits, 2 -100 feet thick in average depth of about 300 feet

Coal - Resources n US: n n Appalachian Basin (West Virginia, Pennsylvania) Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana) Rocky Mountains (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, N. Dakota) World: n n n Former Soviet Union (56%) United States (20%) Asia (9%)

Coal – Types n n n Anthracite n Oldest (350 million years) n Highest quality(95% carbon) n Most clean n Pennsylvania (14, 000 Btu/lb) Bituminous n 300 million years n Medium quality (50 -80% carbon) n Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, Utah (12, 500 Btu/lb) Lignite n 60 -150 million years n Low quality (<50% carbon) n North Dakota (10, 000 Btu/lb), Texas (7, 000 Btu/lb) * Peat (mix of coals of different ranks such as brown coal, lignite, bituminous)

Strip Mining n n Soil instability Damage to landscape, Flora and fauna Possibility of acidic and alkaline drainage Transport of toxic substances to the surface

Shale Oil n n n Carbon bearing mudstone or marlstone containing organic kerogen (HC wax -like substance) Found in bottom of Green River (Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming) US reserves are even larger than petroleum reserves

Shale Oil - Problems n n n Must be extracted, retorted (heated to 1000 F to drive out the HC) and refined. High sulfur content Low yield (10 -25 gallons/ton) Requires a lot of water for processing Disposal of spent shale a problem Cost is prohibitive except for the best quality shale oil

Tar Sands n n n Deposits of sand impregnated with a thick, viscous oil called bitumen. Must be mined and transported for processing. Processing involves extraction of bitumen by steam and hot water followed by refining. Main deposits in Alberta, Canada Production prices started to be comparable to that of crude oil.

Natural Gas n n Associated and Non. Associated Gas Composition n Natural Gas n CNG and LNG n LPG