Fort Sumter April 12 1861 The North v

Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

The North v. South AIM: How did the North and the South plan to win the war?

I. Advantages of the North A. 19 free states/5 slaveholding states B. Pop. 22 million C. 90% of manufacturing D. 20, 000 m. of RR E. Controlled ¾ money supply F. Navy and Merchant Marine

II. Advantages of the South A. B. C. D. E. 11 compact states Defensive War Shorter supply lines Knew the territory Better Generals: Lee, Jackson F. Outdoor life G. Friends in aristocratic Britain and France

III. Northern Strategy of the War A. B. C. D. “Anaconda Plan” Naval Blockade Divide and Conquer Gain control of the Mississippi River. E. Capture Richmond, VA

IV. Southern Strategy of the War • Defensive – defeat invading armies • “Cotton Diplomacy” Cotton is King!!! • Cotton Embargo: – Results: • The cards are in our hands", proclaimed the Charleston Mercury, "and we intend to play them out to the bankruptcy of every cotton factory in Great Britain and France or the acknowledgement of our independence. " The Memphis Argus told planters to "keep every bale of cotton on the plantation. "

V. Lincoln’s Domestic Policy • If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it: and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it: and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the coloured race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. ”

• "Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally. " Abraham Lincoln

A. Lincoln’s attitude toward slavery 1. Gradual emancipation with compensation 2. Hoped to suppress south and have it die out. 3. According to Stephen Oates a. Against Republican ideals b. Extension into territories and a sympathetic Sup. Ct. led to is spread c. US would lose all respect in world d. Lead to an aristocracy and an end of democratic system

B. Confiscation Acts 1. Confiscation Acts of 1861 a. Slaves seen as “Contraband of War” b. Confiscation Act of 1862 c. -freed slaves in states in rebellion, allowed to join army

C. The Emancipation Proclamation 1863 1. Battle of Antietam 1862 a. b. c. d. 22, 000 die Gen. Mc. Clellan fired Confederate loss Opportunity for Lincoln

D. Impact of Emancipation Proclamation 1. January 1 st – Heartbreak Day now Jubilee Day 2. Reason: Military Necessity 3. Freed slaves in states in rebellion 4. Did not free slaves in border states 5. War had moral purpose 6. Increases size of union army 7. Sends message to Britain and France

E. New York Draft Riots 1863 1. Conscription Act – drafts men 20 -45 2. $300 Exemption Fee 3. Public Reaction a. Irish Gangs attacked and killed 100’s of blacks b. President Lincoln sends federal troops

Makeup of military units • • Along Ethnic Lines 79 th NY Infantry: Scotch Highland 55 th NY Infantry: French 39 th NY Infantry: Poles, Hungarians, Germans • Women in the Civil War: Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix

F. The Gettysburg Address • http: //www. gilderlehrman. org/collection/docs_current. html#readin g 1. 3 minute-long address 2. Defined the meaning of the Civil War 3. Described the war as a momentous chapter in the global struggle for selfgovernment, liberty, and equality.

G. Lincoln and Civil Liberties

“Copperheads”

1. Lincoln Suspends Habeas Corpus a. Habeas Corpus: a person has the right to be charged with crime and given an explanation for his detention. b. Article I, Sec. 9: may be suspended in times of insurrection or rebellion. c. Significance:

2. Martial Law - 1862 a. Military Tribunals – for anyone who discouraged others from enlisting or committed a “disloyal” act b. 13, 000 arrested with no trial

3. Ex Parte Vallandigham - 1864 a. A “copperhead” critical of government wartime action b. 1863 - arrested for his attacks on the war c. Military Tribunal – convicts and sentences him to prison d. “Clearly an assault on free speech. ” e. Supreme Ct Decision: had no jurisdiction over the proceedings of military tribunals

4. Ex Parte Milligan - 1866 a. b. c. d. e. f. Lambdin Milligan – Order of American Knights: plot to help South and hamper Union 1864 – charged with urging men to resist the draft and plotting overthrow the government. Tried in a military tribunal, convicted and sentenced to hang. Milligan: Argued civilian’s should be tried in civilian courts(6 th amendment) Government: Argued civilian courts too slow during wartime Supreme Court decision: Martial Law and military tribunals were illegal while civil courts were open (1866)

5. Significance • “If a situation were to arise again in the United States when the writ of habeas corpus were suspended, the government would probably be as ill-prepared to define the legal situation as it was in 1861. The clearest lesson is that there is no clear lesson in the Civil War – no neat precedents, no ground rules, no map. War and its effect on civil liberties remain a frightening unknown. ” Frank J. Williams “A Popular Demand, and a Public Necessity” Lincoln and Civil Liberties.

VI. Financing the War • Confederacy: • Printed paper money • Impact: • Union • Republican control of Congress – stimulated economy of the north and west

A. Morrill Tariff Act - 1861 B. Homestead Act – 1862 C. Morrill Land Grant Act – 1862 D. The Pacific Railway Act – 1862 E. National Banking System

VII. Foreign Policy during the CW A. Trent Affair – 1861 • Confed. James Mason and John Slidell removed from a British ship • Consequences:

B. The Alabama Affair - 1862 1. Confederate purchase of “commerce raiders” 2. Alabama- captured 60 60 union boats before being sunk 3. US Minister Charles Francis Adams – “Laird Rams” 4. Why?

C. Maximillian Affair 1863 -1867 1. Napoleon III 2. Flagrant disregard of ________ 3. Sec. of State Seward threatens war 4. Outcome:

VIII. A. B. C. D. Major Battles of the War Antietam: Gettysburg: Vicksburg: Appomattox: