FORM FOUR BIOLOGY SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN MAMMALS

FORM FOUR BIOLOGY SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN MAMMALS, BONES AND MUSCLES WORK TOGETHER TO BRING ABOUT MOVEMENT. THE SKELETON SYSTEM IN MAMMALS IS DIVIDED IN TO TWO PARTS; i) AXIAL SKELETON: the skull, sternum, ribcage, and the vertebral column. ii) APPENDICULAR SKELETON: girdles (pectoral &pelvic) and the limbs.

TASK; 1 • FROM THE CLIP IDENTIFY: • i) ANY THREE BONES THAT MAKE THE HIND LIMB. • ii) ANY THREE BONES THAT MAKE THE FORE LIMB. • iii) THE NAME FOR THE BONES AT THE NACKE. • Iv) THE BONES THAT CONSTITUTE THE RIB-CAGE.

AXIAL SKELETON • THE SKULL • MADE UP OF MANY BONES JOINED TOGETHER. • IT ENCLOSES AND PROTECTS THE BRAN. • IT ALSO PROTECTS THE OLFACTORY ORGANS, MIDDLE & INNER EAR & THE EYES. • FACIAL SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE UPPER & THE LOWER JAWS. • HAS PERFORATIONS TO ALLOW BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES TO PASS TO AND FROM THE BRAIN. • AT THE POSTERIOR END ARE THE OCCIPITAL CONDYLES THAT ARTICULATE WITH THE ATLAS VERTEBRA FORMING A JOINT THAT PERMITS NODDING OF THE HEAD.

RIB-CAGE AND STERNUM.

TASK 2. i) WHAT ORGANS ARE HOUSED IN THE RIB-CAGE? • ii) WHAT COULD BE THE REASON FOR THESE ORGANS TO BE HOUSED IN THE RIB-CAGE?

RIB-CAGE AND STERNUM. • RIB-CAGE ENCLOSES THE THORACIC CAVITY PROTECTING DELICATE ORGANS ( i. e. lungs and heart) • THE CAGE IS MADE OF RIBS ARTICULATING WITH THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AT THE BACK AND THE STERNUM TO THE FRONT. • THE LOWER END OF THE RIB-CAGE OFFERS SURFACE FOR ATTACHIMENT OF MUSCLES OF THE BACK & THE ABDOMEN.

CUNCLUSION; • IDENTIFY THE TWO PARTS OF A MAMMAL’S SKELETON. • WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKULL? • GIVE THE OTHER NAME FOR THE BACK BONE. • NAME THE ORGANS HOUSED IN THE RIB-CAGE.

ASSINGMENT: • VERTEBRA COLUMN HAS FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE. • i) Identify the five types and there number in human beings. • ii) Draw the common basic plan of these vertebrae.