Forensics Introduction Deductive Reasoning 2014 2015 Forensic Science

Forensics Introduction & Deductive Reasoning 2014 -2015

Forensic Science n Def: applying science to law n Criminology: study of crime n Full service crime labs include: – Physical science unit – Biology unit – Firearms Unit – Documentation Examination Unit – Photography Unit – And more……….

Units of a Crime Lab

Physical Science n Chemistry n Physics n Geology Ex: drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil

Biology n DNA/dried blood n Other body fluids stomach acids…) n Hair n Fibers n Plants/wood (semen,

Biology n Pathologist (studies cellular changes/various aspects of disease) n Serologist (studies blood groups and other bodily fluids) n Entomologist (studies insects and decomposition) n Anthropologist (studies bones to determine person’s identity) n Odontologist (examines the patterns of bite marks, makes casts of bite marks)

Firearms n Firearms Discharged bullets Cartridge cases Shotgun shells Ammunition Gun shot residues Distances to target n Ballistics expert n n n (studies everything to do with firearms)

Document Examination n n Handwriting validity (not interpretation) Typing validity Analysis of paper/ink Indented writing

Photography n n n Photographs of evidence/scenes Digital imagery Infrared (heat) Ultraviolet X-rays Prepares photograph exhibits for court

Toxicology n Detection of poisons or drugs

Latent Fingerprint n Latent (invisible to the naked eye) n Collecting, processing and examining fingerprints n Dactyloscopy (the study of fingerprints)

Polygraph n Lie detector examination and interpretation

Voiceprint Analysis Records and interprets sound which is transformed from speech to visual displays n Linguists (studies written and oral communication to identify the speaker) n

n Evidence Collection Collects and preserves physical evidence to be processed

Other Specialists n n n Crime Scene Photographer – aka identification officer or id technician Forensic Psychologist – develops psychological profile of the criminal Forensic Artist – draws the likeness of the person based solely on an eyewitness description or aging a photograph Forensic Sculptor – reconstructs with modeling clay the appearance of the face based from the structure of the skull Forensic Engineer – concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction and causes and origins of fires or explosives

Does Lindsey play soccer? Introduction of deductive reasoning. Showing how from just a few statements, one is able to deduce a great deal.

Objective The student understands the importance of logical reasoning, justification, and proof in mathematics/science. Performance Description: The student uses deductive reasoning to prove a statement.

Vocabulary Terms The Law of Ruling Out Possibilities: When statement p or statement q is true, and q is not true, then p is true. Finite: Having bounds, limited. Deduct: To derive by subtracting Deductive reasoning: the process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premise; reasoning from the general to the specific.

Activity Ajay, Maxine, Kenny, Lindsey, and Susan each play a different sport. The sports are basketball, soccer, tennis, baseball, and swimming. Use the following information to deduce which sports are played by which individuals. Maxine does not play soccer. Susan either plays tennis or she swims. Ajay plays either basketball or tennis, or he swims. (4) Kenny does not play a sport with a ball. (1) (2) (3)

Procedure 1. Ask yourself if your information is finite. If yes, construct a grid to organize your given information. 2. Since there are 5 students and 5 sports you will need a 5 by 5 grid like the one shown. Ajay Maxine Kenny Lindsey Susan

Procedure Using X’s and subscripts to denote clues, mark the information you are sure about in the grid you created. 4. Using the Law of Ruling Out Possibilities to eliminate other choices marking them with X’s in your grid. 5. O’s denote the only possibility left for each of the students’ perspective sport. 3.

Procedure (1) Maxine does not play soccer. (2) Susan either plays tennis or she swims. (3) Ajay plays either basketball or tennis, or he swims. (4) Kenny does not play a sport with a ball. Ajay O X 3 X Maxine X X 1 X O X Kenny X 4 X 4 O Lindsey X O X X X Susan X 2 O X 2 X

Questions 1. Does Lindsey play soccer? 2. What careers do you think this would be applicable? YES !!! Doctor, Lawyer, Dentist, Detective, Police, Teacher, Fire Fighter and many others.

Homework Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is the difference between Forensic Science and Criminology? Identify the crime lab unit that investigate: a) Blood? b) Drugs? c) Paper? d) Guns? Which specialists: a) Creates drawing from witness statements? b) Creates clay models from human remains? c) Creates profiles of criminals? What is deductive reasoning? What does finite mean?