Forensic Science and Physical Evidence Forensic Science The

Forensic Science and Physical Evidence

Forensic Science • The application of • science _____ to law _____ Was first used in third century China to solve a murder The body of a dead pig was used to solve a murder

Locard’s Exchange Principle • When____ two or more objects make _____, exchanged contact material is ______.

Locard’s Exchange Principle

Anthropometry • A series of measurements ______ used to _____ Identify people • Developed by _____ Alphonse Bertillion Measurements

Crime Scene Evidence • Anything that can establish that a crime has been _____ committed _____ Evidence

Types of Evidence • Physical Evidence § Evidence you can ______ see § E. x. • Trace Evidence microscopic § Small or _____ pieces of evidence § E. x. DNA as Evidence

Bite Marks Human Bite Marks Canine Bite Marks Human Bite Marks

Tire Tracks and Shoe Prints

Skeletal Remains

What type(s) of evidence is shown below?

Characteristics of Evidence Individual Characteristics § A _____ source single § E. x. Class Characteristics § Associated with a group _____ source § E. x. Rifling Marks

Class or Individual Characteristics?

Bertillion Measurements Lab Procedure https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CU_0 v Yx. Rsi. E Alphonse Bertillion

Is anthropometry an accurate method of identification? In 1903, a man named Will West was committed to the penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas, where he was photographed and measured using the Bertillon system. Will West’s measurements were found to be almost identical to a criminal at the same penitentiary named William West, who was committed for murder in 1901 and was serving a life sentence. Photos showed that the two men bore a close physical resemblance to one another, although it was not clear that they were even related. In the confusion surrounding the true identities of the two men, their fingerprints conclusively identified them and demonstrated clearly that the adoption of a fingerprint identification system was more reliable than the older Bertillon system.

Mug shot • Are used to help • identify a people _____ suspect What information can you obtain from a mug shot? Charles Barkley

Describe these individuals Jeremy Meeks Amanda Bynes

Describe these individuals Ozzy Osborn Mug Shot Circa 1960

Describe these individuals Lindsey Lohan Shia Labeouf Cleveland PD Mug Shot

Table Talk 1. Is anthropometry a useful way to identify people? Why or why not? 2. Suggest a better method of identification.

Recording the Crime Scene 1. Rope off scene 2. Place evidence markers 3. Photograph scene 4. Sketch scene 5. Notate scene 6. Collect and bag evidence Sealed Crime Scene

Crime Scene Reconstruction • Supports a likely _______ of sequence ____ events Digital Reconstruction

Reconstruction of the scene

Sketching the scene Include: • All _______ evidence _____ involved • Distance of objects _______ from ______ fixed point • Legend/key Crime Scene Sketch

Searching For Evidence Dependent on Size of area • ______ Actions of victim • _______ and suspect • Ex: Search Methods

Collecting and Packing Evidence • Mostly use • envelopes, plastic _______ bags/containers _______ Moist items are placed in paper bags _______ Evidence Packaging

Moved Evidence (Before Pics) • Reduces the • • value _____ Note what was ______ moved Do not put it back!! No!!!

Chain of Custody • List of _______ people who came into contact _____ with the evidence • Establishes Integrity/credibility ______ Chain of custody

Forensic Photography • Photograph physical • • evidence to show ______ position and location individual close ups Take _____ Photograph under _____ after bodies removal ______ Quarter used for scale

Forensic Photography • Use a ______ scale when • necessary Use ____ evidence markers Use of evidence markers

Table Talk • You are a member of the Baldwin Park PD and are given the task of training new officers. A dead body was found at the Mc. Donald’s near our school. How would you search for evidence? What evidence would you collect from the crime scene? How would you handle/package the evidence?

Evidence Clips • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 CWx • • WWcw 6 o. E https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=sw 2 Is. O 1 MJXo https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. Pj. IDxx ja. X 8

Frye Standard • Evidence, ______, procedures and equipment presented at trial must be generally accepted scientific by the ______ community Is this the Frye Standard?

Trial Evidence Direct Evidence • Witness’ _______ people ____ or knowledge observation Direct Evidence Circumstantial Evidence • Implies but does not prove _______ Circumstantial Evidence

What is eyewitness Testimony? • A _____ who person witnesses a crime and provide details can _____ • Is it classified as evidence? § Yes

Photo and Physical Lineup Requirements Participants must be: • Same sex • Same ethnicity • Physically similar Physical Line up

Photo Lineups • Photos are placed in front of the _____ victim § May or may not include suspect the _____ Witness Identification

Physical Lineup • Participants are asked people to ____ and speak ____ Physical line up example

Is this lineup done correctly?

Is this Photo lineup done correctly?

Is this Photo lineup done correctly?

Is this lineup done correctly?

Ronald Cotton

Do these men look familiar?

Ronald Cotton Analysis 1. Provide a BRIEF summary of the Ronald Cotton case. 2. 3. 4. 5. Your summary should be 1 -2 paragrahs long. Was Ronald Cotton adequately compensated for the time he spent in jail? Why or why not? What would you consider adequate compensation for the time Ronald spent in jail? Should eyewitness testimony be admissible as evidence in a trial? Why or why not? Based on what you have learned, how accurate is eyewitness testimony? Suggest an alternative type of evidence and explain how it could be used.

Statistics • Since the 1900’s 175 out of 239 (73%) • • convictions were overturned using DNA testing. The convictions were based on eyewitness testimony. Research shows the memory is like putting the piece of a puzzle together not retrieving a video recording. False memory study yielded that one third of the subjects fully or partially remembered the false story.

Duchess • What is the problem? • What is already known • • • about Duchess’ behavior/personality? What could have happened to Duchess? What evidence supports your theory? What will you do in order to find her?

The Green River Killer 1. What was his real name? 2. How many people did he kill? 3. Where did he commit his murders? 4. What did he do for a living? 5. What type of evidence would you find?