FOREIGN DOMINATION Describe the reaction to foreign domination

FOREIGN DOMINATION Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War and Young Turks, and the Boxer Rebellion.

Opener • Take out MTS, your textbook and a page for notes. • Look over your MTS terms concentrating on standard 15 C. • Which of the following was an aggressor nation? Which was a victim of aggression? • Russia • China • Japan • Ottoman Empire • France • England

Boxer Rebellion “Destroy the Foreigners” • Opium Wars- China loses to Britain, opens to 1842 • Boxers- “Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists” • Called boxers because of martial arts skill • Believed dedication made them invincible to swords & bullets • Believed “spirit soldiers” would aid fight against Western Occupation • Attacks against German missionaries, Chinese Christians, burning churches and pulling up railroads • Despite pressure from West, Empress Cixi did nothing to stop the attacks • Foreigner began to flee to Beijing to embassies, Boxers surround embassies (siege)

Siege • August 14, 1900 - after 2 month siege, Western Armies arrive in Beijing. • Russia sends largest group • Japan 2 nd largest group • US 3 rd largest group • Western countries demand that Boxers be punished, embassy compound be rebuild, railroads repaired & 333 million dollars in fines • Empress Cixi returns to power, but has to agree to teach western ideas in Chinese schools, outlaw foot binding, send officials to study abroad • Beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty

Russo-Japanese War • Czar Nicholas II- Russia • Financed a new railroad in China through Manchuria to Port Arthur • Rented Port Arthur from Chinese for 99 years • Decided to seize Korea • Victory in the Sino-Japanese war gave Japan a foothold in Korea • Attempts to use diplomacy to keep Russia out of Korea, fails • Feb. 9, 1904 - “If your sword is too short, take one step forward” • Admiral Togo leads surprise attack on Russian ships at Port Arthur (sound familiar? ) • Siege continues for 148 days, most experience Russian admiral is killed • Battle of Mukden- Russia is defeated in the largest land battle up to this time

Outcome of Russo-Japanese War • May 27, 1905 war ends • Theodore Roosevelt (Nobel Peace Prize) helps arrange a peace treaty • Treaty of Portsmouth signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire • Russia not allowed to invade Korea • Japan gets part of Manchuria, Port Arthur and other land • Japan is now the dominant force in East Asia

Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe” • Background: • Czar Nicholas I wanted gain control of Constantinople • Queen Victoria feared Russia becoming too powerful • King Louis-Philippe of France feared Russia enough ally w/ England • 1853 - Crimean War • Fighting begins over who should protect the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem • France tells Ottomans that they will attack Constantinople if they do not get the keys to the church • Russia counters that they will attack if France gets the keys • Russia invades Turkish empire • France is joined by Britain in attacking Russians

Outcome of Crimean War • After British & France drive Russia out of Turkish Empire, they decide to push further and capture Sevastopol • Sevastopol is port city located on Crimean Peninsula in Black Sea where Russia keeps warships • Fighting continues with blunders on both sides, British & French capture Sevastopol • 1856 - Peace of Paris is signed • Russia gets Sevastopol back • Turkish land returned to Turks • Russia stops keeping warships in Black Sea

Ottoman Empire • April 1876 - Young Bulgarians rebel against Turks • Sultan Abdul Aziz violently crush rebellion; 12, 000 are killed in response to the April Uprising • 1 month later, Abdul Aziz is dead • Replaced by Sultan Murad V- crazy- rules 93 days • Sultan Abdulhamid II becomes new sultan • Creates constitution and begins to westernize government • Russia invades in response to treatment of Bulgaria • January 1878 - Russia defeats Ottoman forces • Bulgaria gets independence • Russia takes Romania & part of Asia Minor (1/2 of Ottoman Territory is lost)

Sick Man of Europe • 2 problems with Abdulhamid’s constitution: 1. Article 113 - “Sultan can deport anyone he thought ‘harmful to the state. ’” 2. Tradition for centuries said Sultan was the ultimate power on Earth– hard to change • Constitution lasted for 1 year before Abdulhamid dissolved it. • Began to make improvements such as railroads, telegraph lines, improved university • Ruled with an iron fist- secret police force

Abdulhamid, The Red Sultan • Armenia is located between the Caspian Sea & the Black Sea • Armenia Christians were often treated badly by Ottoman officials- higher taxes, land seizure • 1894 - Armenians rebel against Ottoman Empire • Many killed by soldiers or forced to march out of Ottoman territory • At least 100, 000 Armenians are killed in 3 year period (Armenian Massacre) • Abdulhamid declares war on Armenians • 1889 - Medical students plot to get rid of Abdulhamid • Wanted a secular country called Turkey • Recruited students at Istanbul University • Forced to flee country, but found other exiled Turks in places like Geneva & Paris

Balkan Mess • Russia’s new territory made Europe nervous • Western Europe decides Russia can keep Romania, but must give Asia Minor back to Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria, Montenegro & Serbia independent. • Austria claims Bosnia & Croatia • Ottomans hold Albania & Macedonia • August 1903 - Macedonians rebel against Ottomans • St. Elijah’s Day Uprising • Sultan Abdulhamid orders Turkish soldiers to kill all rebels

Young Turks • Young Turks (in exile) now had a reason to attack • Young Turks convince Turkish army to join them in demanding constitution & reassembling Turkish Parliament. • Abdulhamid agrees, then leaves country. • Young Turks “Ottoman Nation”: • Voting rights for all (20 years and up) • Same rights for Christians & Muslims • Wanted to remove Islamic laws & modernize farms & factories • Wanted entire empire to speak Turkish • Not willing to allow Macedonia & Albania to declare independence

1 st Balkan War • 1912 - Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece & Montenegro join, with the help of the Russians, to free Albania & Macedonia from Turkish rule • After 2 months, Ottoman army surrenders • Albania is now recognized as a free nation • Macedonia does not

2 nd Balkan War • 1913 - Serbia, Bulgaria & Greece fight over how to divide Macedonia • Greece and Serbia divide Macedonia, Bulgaria gets tiny piece • Balkan Peninsula becomes the “powder keg” of Europe • June 28, 1914 • Serbian kills the heir to the throne of Austria

Bibliography • Based on The Story of the World: History for the Classical Child, Volume 4: The Modern Age: From Victoria’s Empire to the End of the USSR by Susan Wise Bauer