FORCED IMMIGRATION Humanity is divided into two the

FORCED IMMIGRATION “Humanity is divided into two -- the masters and the slaves. ” ~Aristotle

The Transatlantic Slave Trade • The potential wealth to be made from slavery led to the triangular trade between _____________ Europe, Africa and the ________. Americas. • Europeans were able to sell manufactured goods in materials exchange for raw ______ and luxury items.

A Merchant Slaving Vessel: The Henrietta Marie First Stop! London! Let’s follow the journey of a typical slave ship…

The Port of London The Henrie tta Marie would star t its journe y in the Londo n, a thrivin g port built o n the bank s of the Tham es River. • As the capital city, it was the center of social and economic developments; it was also the place to which young people came to learn trades, jobs find ____, and fulfill their dreams _____.

Investors in the Henrietta Marie • The slave trading voyage was a costly undertaking. • It required backing of several investors. A small stake in several voyages was more prudent for the investor than a large stake in one ship. • The problems to contend with weather to slave ranged from bad _______ revolts and payment problems. • Some merchants did well in the trade, while others went bankrupt.

Investors in the Slave Trade By 1650, most of the coastal states in Europe had possessions in the Americas. Graph of countries participating in the slave trade 1. Around what year was the Slave Trade at its peak? 2. Which country continued the Slave Trade the longest? Why?

The Crew of a Merchant Slave Ship Men who could not find other work often gravitated to ports such as London where they signed on to escape their economic problems. Crews of slavers tended to be desperate, violent men.

Former slave ship master Reverend John Newton (B. 1725) wrote about the men aboard the merchant slavers: "We are for the most part supplied with the refuse and dregs of the nation. The prisons and glass houses supply us with large quotas of boys impatient of their parents and masters, or already ruined by some untimely vice and for the most part devoid of principles. "

A Merchant Slaving Vessel: The Henrietta Marie , d e t s a m Three- erned -st e r a u q s 0 6 t u o ab , l e s s e v g. n o l t e fe Smal l ship capab le of h , ol 200 sl aves i ding n her cargo area. To Africa ! Stepped decks, built on many levels to accommodate the different cargoes of the transatlantic trade route.

Benin Arriving in Africa! • When Europeans arrived in the late 15 th century, there were established states throughout West Africa.

• West Africa was divided into states with different rulers governing different areas. • Some African ethnic groups read and wrote in Arabic, others had strong oral (speaking and singing) traditions, and religious practices. Port cities along the coast were controlled by Portuguese, Dutch, English.

The Henrietta Marie in Africa • The Henrietta Marie traded in the area of New Calabar, saluting the town guns with several_______, as was the custom of the day. • African traders would often send canoes out to the European ships arriving into slaving ports. Some of these Africans would guide the newly arrived ships into the rivers or harbors or ports.

Slavery in Africa Powerful African leaders met with European Traders from the Henrietta Marie. 1. If you were an African tribal leader, what would you want in exchange for slaves? Why?

Slavery and War Pewter, Iron bars, glass beads, guns and other goods were rare in Africa, where they could be sold for much more than in England or other European countries. guns • European _____were a popular trade item with the Africans. The coastal guns used them to control areas further inland. rulers who had access to _____

Africans Enslave Africans ØWar captives ØPrisoners ØThieves ØReligious offenders

Soon Africans were rounding up slaves in groups of one, two and three hundred for sale to the increasing number of European vessels arriving in coastal ports.

Slave Catching Raids • Conducted mostly by the Asante and Dahomey tribes. • Would attack neighbors and catch as many people as possible. • Europeans gave Africans weapons (mainly guns) to capture other Africans.

Before Shipping • Slaves captured or purchased in the African interior were often held in confinement for months. • Some of these people had been wounded in battles, and others were exposed to smallpox, yellow fever, and other deadly diseases.

Europeans were Middle Men Not Welcomed Inland! Did con vert som e kingdom s to Christia nity (Ko ngo) Forbidden to alter African politics • Carried a cargo valued at about £ 827. • £ 4 per slave: Brought 206 slaves to Jamaica. • 190 slaves were recorded sold at Port Royal

The Henrietta Marie To the Americ as! • The men, women and children were shackled and confined to the stifling cargo holds below deck. • After securing her cargo, the Henrietta Marie would have Middle Passage brought food and water aboard for the long voyage to the West

Middle Passage • Trek from Africa to the Americas lasted 35 -60 days

The “Cargo” • By 1654, some 8, 000 -10, 000 Africans each year were undergoing the Middle Passage. • By 1750, the annual number stabilized at 60, 000 -70, 000.

Dangers of Middle Passage y v r u Gangren Dysenter Sc y e Suicide Disease Dehydra ti on Malnutrit i on • The mortality rate averaged between 13 and 33 percent of the slaves and the crew.

The Middle Passage • About 9 t million A o 15 fr went on icans voyage: • 3 to 5 m i perished llion they eve before n reache d the Ame ricas. “If the Atlantic were to dry up it would reveal a scattered pathway of human bones marking the various routes of the Middle Passage. ”

The Atlantic Slave Trade “But what heart could be so hard as to not be pierced with piteous feelings to see that company? ” ~Eyewitness to a Portuguese slave unloading 1. Despite the inhumane treatment of the African people, why did the slave trade continue until the 19 th Century?

O C C A B A T , AR G U S SLAVES GUNS, RUM, GOODS The Triangle Trade

Arrival in the Americas: The Henrietta Marie e tiv a The N were s n a c i r e Ame b o t g in beginn atedn i m r e t ex r e v o o t due nd a g n i work. e s a e s i d Land Ho! Colonizers in the New World found the Africans a new source of labor. . . ______.

Selling Slaves in the Caribbean • With the first sighting of land, the captain of the Henrietta Marie would have ordered slaves on deck in small groups for fresh air and grooming To improve their appearance for sale. • Men were shaved, sores were dressed, and rations were improved as they approached their destination of Jamaica on May 18, 1700, indicating that she spent almost fourteen weeks on the Middle Passage.

Get Your Workers Here! • Sold to the highest bidder • Slaveswashed and greased with tar or lard • Judged by condition – Muscle – Teeth – Scratches

Profitability “No commerce in the world produces as many advantages as that of the slave trade. ” ~Colbert, Frenchman Some believe the slave trade was the major reason for the rise of commercial capitalism and the Industrial Revolution.

Forced Migration of Africans mine and wash gold and deliver it to a Spanish overseer 75, 000 to 90, 000 A system soon developed where ________ enslaved Africans were sent to Spanish America by as early as 1600.

Rebellions in the Caribbean • As early as 1522, the first notable slave revolt broke out in the Spanish colony of Hispaniola (now Haiti). • In the Caribbean they were known as "Maroons" and lived in the hills, using guerrilla free warfare to _____ other slaves and steal necessary arms and equipment.

Indentured Servants • White indentured servants were another exploited group of people who, in return for their passage to the Americas or the Caribbean, agreed to work for their sponsor. • Indentured servants were at the mercy of their master: they were unpaid and had to do whatever they were told. • They were bound to their master for a set period of time, usually five years _________, after which they were set free, and could expect to receive a small tract of land from their master.

The European Sweet Tooth • Most Europeans had never tasted sugar before the economic successes of the transatlantic trade made the Caribbean product readily available. • England was a major consumer as early as 1660. For a century and a half, sugar remained the most valuable and largest import, overtaken only by cotton in the 1820 s. _______

The Henrietta Marie Back to! London! • The profits from the sale of slaves enabled the Henrietta Marie to load West Indian goods for her voyage home to England. • Sugar was the main commodity and cargo entries reveal that she was carrying 81 hogsheads (large barrels) of muscovado sugar.

• Removal of millions of African men and women from their homeland • Economic dependence on Europe, devastating effects when trade was outlawed • Susceptibility to European imperialism