Force Force Any push or pull exerted on

Force

Force • Any push or pull exerted on an object

System • The object with the force applied

Environment • The world surrounding the object

Contact Force • A force that acts on an object by touching it

Contact Force • A baseball bat striking a ball

Long-range Force • A force that acts on an object w/o touching it

Long-range Force • The force of gravity

Agent • Whatever is causing the force

Inertia • The resistance to change (in motion)

Equilibrium • When the net forces acting on an object = zero

Force Vector Diagram • A Diagram showing the vectors of all forces acting on an object.

Force Vector Diagram Force of table on the ball Weight on ball

Draw Force Vector Diagrams of: 1)A book on a desk 2)A book being pushed across the desk 3)A book falling

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s st 1 Law An object will remain at rest or in constant straight-line motion if the net force acting on it is zero

Newton’s st 1 Law The velocity is constant and acceleration is zero when the net force on an object is zero

Newton’s nd 2 Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportioned to the net force applied to it

Newton’s a= nd 2 Fnet m Law

Newton’s nd 2 Law Fnet = ma

Newton’s rd 3 Law For every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction

Newton’s rd 3 Law FA on B = -FB on A

Drill: • Write out Newton’s Laws of Motion

Two horizontal forces of 23. 5 N & 16. 5 N are acting in the same direction on a 2. 0 kg object. Calculate: 1) net Force on the object 2) its acceleration

Two horizontal forces of 23. 5 N & 16. 5 N are acting in opposite directions on a 2. 0 kg object. Calculate: 1) net force on the object 2) its acceleration

Forces of 4. 0 N west & 3. 0 N north are acting on a 2. 0 kg object. Calculate: 1) net Force on the object 2) its acceleration

Calculate the acceleration of a 1500 g object falling towards Earth when the Fair friction is 11. 7 N.

List Newton’s Laws of Motion

Types of Forces Friction Normal Spring Tension Thrust Weight

Friction (Ff) • The contact force that acts to oppose sliding motion between surfaces • Its direction is parallel & opposite the direction of sliding

Normal (FN) • The contact force exerted by a surface on an object • Its direction is perpendicular & away from the surface

Spring (Fsp) • A restoring force, or the push or pull a spring exerts on an object • Its direction is opposite the displacement of an object at the end of a spring

Tension (FT) • The pull exerted by a string, rope, or cable when attached to a body & pulled taut • Its direction away from the object & parallel to the string at the point of attachment

Thrust (Fthrust) • A general term for the force that moves rockets, planes, etc • Its direction is the same direction as the acceleration of the object barring any resistive forces

Weight (Fg) • Force due the gravitational attraction between two objects like an object & the Earth • Its direction is straight down towards the center of the Earth

Drill: Name & describe the 6 types of forces

Weight (Fg) Weight = Fg = mag = mg Fg = W = mg

When an object is launched, the only forces acting upon it are the forces gravity & air friction.

No net force is required to keep an object in motion. Frictional forces oppose motion.

Inertia is not a force, but the resistance to the change in motion or momentum.

Air exerts huge & balanced frictional forces on an object. When in motion, the net Ff of air is large.

Terminal Velocity • The constant velocity that is reached when the force of air friction of a falling object equals its weight

Friction (Ff) Kinetic frictional force Ff, kinetic Static frictional force Ff, static

Draw Vector Force Diagrams of: 1) a skydiver gaining downward velocity 2) a skydiver at terminal velocity

Draw Vector Force Diagrams of: 3) a rope pulling a ball up at constant velocity 4) a rope accelerating a ball upwards

An object’s weight on Earth is 490 N. Calculate: 1) its mass 2) its weight in the moon 2 where gmoon = 1. 60 m/s

An 500. 0 g object on an unknown planet has a weight of 250 N. Calculate the acceleration caused by the planet’s gravity.

Static Ff • The force exerted on one surface by another when there is no relative motion

Kinetic Ff • The force exerted on one surface by another when in relative motion

Forces of 5. 0 N Drill: west, 9. 0 N east, & 3. 0 N north act upon a 15 kg object. Calculate its acceleration

Forces acting on an object: FN = -W FA > F f FN Ff Fg or Weight Fapplied

Net Force (Fnet) • Summation of all forces acting on an object • Resultant vector of all the forces

Net Force (Fnet) Fnet = ma

Net Force (Fnet) Fnet = FA + FB + FC + etc

Static Ff Ff, static = ms. FN

m m is proportionality constant called the frictional coefficient

Kinetic Ff Ff, kinetic = mk. FN

A 25 N force is required to pull a 50. 0 N sled down the road at a constant speed. Calculate the sliding frictional coefficient between the sled & the road.

A person & a sled have a total weight of 490 N. The sliding frictional coefficient between the sled & the snow is 0. 10. Calculate the force required to pull the sled at constant speed.

Drill: Calculate the acceleration of the sled if the applied force pulling on the sled is 299 N. W = 490 N m = 0. 10

Calculate the force required to pull a 500. 0 g block with an 2 acceleration of 3. 0 m/s. m = 0. 50

Periodic Motion • Repetitive or vibrational motion like that of a spring, swing or pendulum

Simple Harmonic Motion • Periodic motion in which the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement

Period (T) • The time required to complete one full cycle of motion

Amplitude • Maximum displacement from the zero point or equilibrium

Pendulum Motion Formula l T = 2 p ---ag

Calculate the period of a pendulum with a length of 49 cm:

Drill: Calculate the length of the pendulum of a grandfather clock whose period is equal 1. 0 second: C HW

Fundamental Forces • Gravitational • Electromagnetic • Strong Nuclear • Weak Nuclear

Calculate the force required to pull a 150 g block at a constant velocity of 180 km/hr. m = 0. 20

A 9. 8 k. N car went from 0 to 25 m/s in 5. 0 s. m. K between car & road = 0. 20. Calculate the force applied by the engine of the car.

Drill: Calculate the force required to start a 2. 0 kg block & its acceleration when moving. ms = 0. 20, mk = 0. 10

Calculate the force required to start a 2. 0 kg block & calculate its acceleration when moving. ms = 0. 20, mk = 0. 10

A 6. 0 kg ball is attached by a rope over a pulley to a 4. 0 kg ball. 1) Draw the problem. 2) Calculate each ball’s acceleration

A 6. 0 kg ball is attached by a longrope over a pulley to a 4. 0 kg ball. 1) Calculate air friction at max velocity

A 150 g baseball, was hit & came to rest in 4. 0 s after going 100. 0 m. Calculate: vi, a, & Ff on the ball.

A 50. 0 kg box falls off a 0. 49 km cliff. 1) Calculate vi, vf, a, & t. 2) Calculate Ff at terminal velocity

A 10. 0 kg box falls off a 0. 49 km cliff & hits the ground in 20. 0 s. 1) Calculate vf & a. 2) Calculate Ff if air friction is included

Calculate the force required to pull a 250 g block at a constant velocity of 360 km/hr. m = 0. 30

Drill: Calculate the force required to accelerate a 1500 g block along the floor 2 at 3. 0 m/s. m = 0. 25

A 65 kg boy & a 35 kg girl are in a tug-of-war on ice. The girl’s acceleration is 13 2 cm/s. Calculate the boy’s acceleration.

Calculate the apparent weight of a 50. 0 kg person on a scale on an elevator descending at 2 2. 0 m/s.

Calculate the apparent weight of a 50. 0 kg person on a scale on an elevator 2 ascending at 2. 0 m/s.

Drill: Calculate the period of the pendulum on Big Ben which is 4. 9 m long.

Calculate the force required to accelerate a 10. 0 kg block straight up at 2 25 cm/s.

Calculate the force required to accelerate a 50. 0 kg block straight up over a 2 pulley at 5. 0 m/s.

Calculate the acceleration of a system of a 55. 0 kg block tied to a 45. 0 kg block hanging over a pulley.

Calculate the frictional coefficient of a 100. 0 kg block if a 150 N force causes it to 2 accelerate at 50. 0 cm/s.

Drill: Calculate the frictional coefficient of a 10. 0 kg block if a 98 N force causes it to slide at 30. 0 cm/s.

A 5. 0 N force accelerates a 1000. 0 g 2 block at 45. 0 cm/s. Calculate m. K.

Calculate the acceleration of a system of a 200. 0 kg cart on a plane tied to a 50. 0 kg block hanging over a pulley.