Foraging Ecosystem Sun Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc

Foraging Ecosystem Sun Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Air Humans Labor: Collecting Processing Carbon, Oxygen Useless plant Nutrients Water Soil Useful plant

Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Air Carbon, Oxygen Useless plant Nutrients Water Soil Humans Labor: Clearing Burning Planting Fencing Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc. Useful plant

Shifting Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Energy Air Humans Labor: Clearing Burning Planting Useful Fencing plants Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc. Carbon, Oxygen Decomposition Nutrients Water Useless plant Less recently farmed More recently farmed Fallow area Ashes Farmed area

Intensive Agricultural Ecosystem Labor energy Sun Energy Animals Water source Manure (nutrients) Traction energy Nutrients Fibers Drugs Decorations Etc. Humans Irrigation Air Useful plants (crops) Carbon, Oxygen Nutrients Water FARMLAND Labor energy: Plowing Harrowing Planting Fencing Weeding Harvesting Pest Control Storage Etc.

Industrial Monocrop Agricultural Ecosystem Sun Energy $ Air Carbon, Oxygen Consumer goods Humans Exchange Value -cides Fertilizer Single crops Nutrients Water source Irrigation Nutrients Water Machinery Fossil Fuel energy: Plowing Harrowing, Planting Fencing, Weeding Harvesting, Pest Control, Storage, etc. FARMLAND

Agricultural Intensification Poplation density Surplus Net energy/ land Output/input ratio Energy output per unit of land Energy Input per unit of land Foraging Shifting Agriculture Intensive Agriculture

Agricultural Intensification